Indicate the neurons which are located in the locus ceruleus or the lateral tegmental area of the reticular formation:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nonadrenergic. Neurons in the locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental area are mainly noradrenergic, which means they release norepinephrine. Nonadrenergic neurons do not release norepinephrine, making them distinct from the neurons in these areas. Therefore, options A, B, and D are incorrect because dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are not typically associated with these specific brain regions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Lithium has a multifaceted mode of action. 1. Lithium affects electrolytes and ion transport by altering sodium and potassium levels. 2. It influences neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. 3. It also modulates second messenger systems like the inositol pathway. Therefore, choice D is correct as lithium impacts all these pathways. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they individually represent only a part of lithium's overall mode of action.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Pantocrin is a general tone-increasing drug. 2. Pantocrin is derived from animal sources. 3. It is known to have stimulating effects. 4. As an agent of animal origin, Pantocrin fits the criteria. Summary: B: Amphetamine is a synthetic drug, not of animal origin. C: Sydnocarb is a synthetic drug, not of animal origin. D: Camphor is a natural substance but not a general tone-increasing drug.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: More than 800 mg/d. High doses of benzodiazepines increase the risk of developing physical dependence, leading to severe withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. Dosages exceeding 800 mg/d are considered very high and are more likely to result in severe withdrawal symptoms after prolonged use. Choices A, B, and D all suggest lower dosages which are less likely to cause severe withdrawal symptoms compared to doses exceeding 800 mg/d. Therefore, option C is the correct choice for the dosage of benzodiazepines that may produce severe withdrawal symptoms after 60-90 days of use.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Halothane. Halothane can produce hepatic necrosis due to its metabolite, trifluoroacetic acid. This metabolite can lead to liver damage in susceptible individuals. Other choices, A (Sevoflurane), B (Desflurane), and D (Nitrous oxide) do not typically cause hepatic necrosis. Sevoflurane and Desflurane are not metabolized to toxic compounds that affect the liver, and Nitrous oxide is not known to cause hepatic necrosis. Therefore, the correct answer is C because of the specific hepatotoxic effects associated with Halothane.