Indicate the drug which increases absorption of iron from intestine:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C, is known to enhance the absorption of iron from the intestine. Vitamin C forms a complex with iron, converting it into a more absorbable form, thereby increasing iron uptake. This is particularly important for individuals with iron deficiency anemia or those needing to increase their iron levels. A) Cyanocobalamin is vitamin B12 and is not directly involved in increasing iron absorption. B) Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, plays a crucial role in cell division and the production of red blood cells, but it does not directly impact iron absorption. D) Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow but does not affect iron absorption. Understanding the interactions between different vitamins, minerals, and medications is crucial in nursing pharmacology. Nurses must be aware of how certain substances can enhance or inhibit the effects of others to ensure optimal patient care. Knowing the role of ascorbic acid in iron absorption can help nurses advise patients on dietary choices or supplemental intake to improve their iron levels efficiently.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the statement "Mechanism of urokinase action is an inhibition of Thromboxane A2" is false. The correct answer is B) FALSE. The mechanism of urokinase involves the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, which ultimately leads to the breakdown of fibrin clots. Urokinase is a thrombolytic agent used to treat blood clots like pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. It does not inhibit Thromboxane A2. Option A) TRUE is incorrect because the statement provided in the question is false, as explained above. Option C) None is incorrect as there is a clear distinction that the statement is false, making it not applicable. Option D) All of the above is incorrect as the correct answer is B) FALSE, and the other options are not valid based on the explanation provided. In an educational context, understanding the mechanisms of pharmacological agents is crucial for nursing practice to ensure safe and effective administration of medications. By knowing the correct actions of medications like urokinase, nurses can provide appropriate care to patients with thrombotic conditions. This question also highlights the importance of critical thinking and knowledge application in pharmacology, which are essential skills for nursing professionals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) They cause a decrease in vagal tone. Correct Rationale: Cardiac glycosides, like digoxin, work by inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase pump, leading to an increase in intracellular calcium in myocardial cells. This mechanism enhances myocardial contractility. However, contrary to the options provided, cardiac glycosides actually increase vagal tone, leading to a decrease in heart rate. This is an important effect to consider when administering these medications to patients with specific cardiac conditions. Explanation of other options: A) Inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase does lead to an increase in intracellular calcium, which is true for cardiac glycosides. C) Children are more sensitive to digitalis toxicity due to individual variations in drug metabolism and excretion. Therefore, they actually require lower doses compared to adults. D) Concurrent use of diuretics that deplete potassium can increase the risk of digitalis toxicity due to the potential for hypokalemia, which can exacerbate the toxic effects of digitalis. Educational Context: Understanding the pharmacological effects and considerations related to cardiac glycosides is crucial for nurses, especially when caring for patients with cardiac disorders. By knowing the correct actions and side effects of these medications, nurses can provide safe and effective care, monitor for potential adverse reactions, and intervene promptly if needed. This knowledge is essential for promoting positive patient outcomes and preventing harm.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Amrinone. Amrinone is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that works by inhibiting the breakdown of cAMP in vascular smooth muscle. By inhibiting cAMP breakdown, it leads to increased levels of cAMP, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. A) Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in cardiac muscle cells, increasing intracellular calcium levels. It is used in the treatment of heart failure and atrial fibrillation, not for its effects on cAMP in vascular smooth muscle. B) Dobutamine is a beta-adrenergic agonist that primarily acts on beta-1 receptors in the heart to increase cardiac contractility. It is not involved in the inhibition of cAMP breakdown in vascular smooth muscle. D) Dopamine is a catecholamine that acts on dopamine, beta-1, and alpha receptors in the body. It primarily works to increase blood pressure and cardiac output through its effects on these receptors, not by inhibiting cAMP breakdown in vascular smooth muscle. Understanding the mechanisms of action of different drugs is crucial in nursing pharmacology as it helps nurses make informed decisions regarding drug administration, monitoring for therapeutic effects and potential side effects, and providing patient education. By knowing how each drug works, nurses can ensure safe and effective medication management for their patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Sotalol. Sotalol is classified as a Class III antiarrhythmic drug because it primarily affects the potassium channels in cardiac cells, leading to prolongation of the action potential duration and refractory period. This class of drugs is known for their ability to treat various types of arrhythmias by stabilizing the heart's rhythm. Now, let's explore why the other options are incorrect: A) Flecainide is a Class IC antiarrhythmic drug that works by blocking sodium channels. C) Lidocaine is a Class IB antiarrhythmic drug that also acts by blocking sodium channels. D) Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker and is classified as a Class IV antiarrhythmic drug, not Class III. In an educational context, understanding the classification of antiarrhythmic drugs is crucial for nursing pharmacology practice. Knowing the specific mechanisms of action for each class helps nurses make informed decisions when administering these medications to patients with cardiac arrhythmias. This knowledge is essential for ensuring safe and effective patient care, as the wrong antiarrhythmic drug could potentially worsen a patient's condition.