Indicate the drug that cause metabolic alkalosis:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate causes metabolic alkalosis by increasing bicarbonate levels in the body, leading to an excess of base. This can occur in conditions like overdose or prolonged use. B: Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that can cause metabolic acidosis, not alkalosis. C: Pepto-Bismol contains bismuth subsalicylate and can cause metabolic acidosis. D: Carbenoxolone is a drug that can cause metabolic alkalosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that slows the influx of calcium ions in cardiac cells, leading to a decrease in automaticity in the SA node. This results in a decrease in heart rate. Therefore, choice A is correct. Choice B is incorrect because verapamil does affect automaticity. Choices C and D are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the specific effect of verapamil on automaticity in the SA node.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that slows down the heart rate by blocking L-type calcium channels. This action helps in reducing blood pressure and controlling heart rhythm. Therefore, statement B stating that verapamil increases heart rate is incorrect. Choices A, C, and D are true as verapamil blocks L-type calcium channels, relaxes coronary artery smooth muscle, and depresses cardiac contractility, respectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D is correct: 1. Growth hormone stimulates the synthesis or release of somatomedins, supporting statement A. 2. Low levels of IGF-1 are associated with dwarfism, validating statement B. 3. Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to acromegaly, confirming statement C. 4. Choice D is incorrect because growth hormone is contraindicated in subjects with open epiphyses, not closed ones. This is because GH can stimulate bone growth, potentially causing issues in individuals with open growth plates.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the statement that the half-life of glucagon is between 6 and 8 hours is FALSE. Glucagon's half-life is actually very short, around 5-10 minutes. This is due to rapid degradation by enzymes in the liver and kidneys. Glucagon is not stable in the bloodstream for long periods. A: Statement A is true as glucagon is indeed synthesized in the A cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. B: Statement B is true as glucagon is a peptide consisting of a single chain of 29 amino acids, which is conserved across mammals. C: Statement C is true as glucagon is extensively degraded in the liver, kidneys, plasma, and at tissue receptor sites.