Indicate the condition that can be associated with hypokalemia

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hyperaldosteronism increases K+ excretion, causing hypokalemia not acidosis (hyperkalemia), insulin deficiency, or beta blockers (minimal effect). This links aldosterone to potassium, critical for endocrine-renal interplay, contrasting with other conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Renal lobule includes a medullary ray and adjacent cortex not pyramid alone, pyramid+cortex (lobe), or inter-pyramid cortex. This defines lobule anatomy, critical for histology, contrasting with lobe or cortex misdefinitions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: PCT reabsorbs ~80-90% of filtered bicarbonate not DCT, collecting duct, or ascending loop (no HCO3- transport). This specifies primary reabsorption site, critical for acid-base, contrasting with later segments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Water moves by osmotic diffusion throughout nephron (solute-driven) not PCT-only or ADH-controlled obligatory (PCT inherent). This defines water handling, critical for urine formation, contrasting with restricted or hormonal errors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urine flows: papillary duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter not other sequences. This orders drainage, key for urine path, contrasting with misordered flows.