Indicate the anesthetic, which is used intravenously:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this quiz question, the correct answer is A) Propofol, an anesthetic used intravenously. Propofol is commonly used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during surgical procedures due to its rapid onset and short duration of action. It provides smooth and quick sedation without causing significant respiratory depression. Option B) Halothane is incorrect because it is an inhaled anesthetic, not administered intravenously. Halothane has fallen out of favor due to its potential for hepatotoxicity. Option C) Desflurane is also an inhaled anesthetic, not given intravenously. Desflurane is known for its low solubility, allowing for rapid onset and recovery, making it suitable for outpatient surgeries. Option D) Nitrous oxide is a gas anesthetic often used in combination with other agents but is not administered intravenously. It provides mild sedation and analgesia but is not suitable for deep anesthesia. Understanding the route of administration of anesthetics is crucial for nursing pharmacology. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about the characteristics, side effects, and appropriate uses of different anesthetics to ensure safe patient care during surgical procedures. Propofol's intravenous administration route makes it a valuable agent for anesthesia induction and maintenance in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of nursing pharmacology, understanding the mechanism of action of medications is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In the case of Cytiton, the correct answer is B) The reflex mechanism. This is because Cytiton acts by stimulating receptors in the respiratory tract, leading to reflex stimulation of the medullary respiratory center in the brain. This ultimately results in increased respiratory drive and improved ventilation. Option A) Direct activation of the respiratory center is incorrect because Cytiton does not directly activate the respiratory center but rather acts through a reflex mechanism involving respiratory tract receptors. Option C) The mixed mechanism is also incorrect as there is no evidence or indication that Cytiton works through a combination of different mechanisms. Option D) None of the above is not the correct answer as we have established that Cytiton does act through a specific reflex mechanism. Educationally, this question serves to test students' knowledge of the specific mechanisms of action of medications used in nursing practice. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for nurses to administer medications safely, monitor for therapeutic effects and side effects, and intervene appropriately in case of adverse reactions. It reinforces the importance of pharmacological knowledge in nursing care and highlights the need for precision and accuracy in medication administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Isoprenaline. Isoprenaline is a bronchodilator drug that belongs to sympathomimetics, specifically acting on beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs to cause bronchodilation. This drug is commonly used in the management of asthma and bronchospasm. Option B) Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug, but it primarily acts on both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors and is not commonly used as a bronchodilator in respiratory conditions. Option C) Atropine is an anticholinergic drug that works by blocking the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors. It is used to treat bradycardia and as a pre-anesthetic medication, but not as a bronchodilator. Option D) Salbutamol is another bronchodilator drug that belongs to sympathomimetics, specifically targeting beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the lungs. It is a more commonly used bronchodilator compared to Isoprenaline due to its selective action on beta-2 receptors and fewer side effects. Educationally, understanding the classification and mechanisms of action of bronchodilator drugs is crucial for nursing pharmacology practice. Knowing the specific receptor targets and clinical uses of each drug helps nurses make informed decisions when administering medications to patients with respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of nursing pharmacology, understanding the classification of drugs is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In this case, the correct answer is C) Omeprazole, which belongs to the class of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs work by inhibiting the proton pump in the stomach lining, thereby reducing the production of stomach acid. This class of drugs is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and peptic ulcers. Option A) Pirenzepine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist used to reduce gastric acid secretion, but it is not a proton pump inhibitor. Option B) Ranitidine is an H2 receptor antagonist that also reduces stomach acid production, but it does not belong to the proton pump inhibitor class. Option D) Trimethaphan is a ganglionic blocker used for rapid control of severe hypertension and is not related to proton pump inhibitors. Educationally, knowing the classification of drugs like proton pump inhibitors is essential for nurses to accurately administer medications, understand their mechanisms of action, anticipate potential side effects, and monitor patient responses effectively. This knowledge contributes to safe medication administration practices and optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is A) Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate is a drug that can cause metabolic alkalosis due to its ability to increase pH levels in the blood. When administered in excess or inappropriately, it can lead to an imbalance in the body's acid-base equilibrium, resulting in metabolic alkalosis. Option B) Cimetidine is an H2 receptor antagonist used to reduce stomach acid production, so it is more likely to cause metabolic acidosis rather than alkalosis. Option C) Pepto-Bismol contains bismuth subsalicylate and is more commonly associated with causing metabolic acidosis due to salicylate toxicity. Option D) Carbenoxolone is a synthetic steroid that is usually associated with side effects like sodium and water retention, hypertension, and hypokalemia, but not typically metabolic alkalosis. In an educational context, it is crucial for nursing students to understand the effects of different drugs on the body's acid-base balance. This knowledge is essential for safe medication administration and patient care, as imbalances can have serious consequences. Understanding which drugs can lead to metabolic alkalosis, like sodium bicarbonate, helps nurses anticipate and manage potential complications in their patients.