Indicate a tricyclic or a heterocyclic antidepressant having greatest antimuscarinic effects:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant with strong antimuscarinic effects due to its chemical structure. The tertiary amine group increases antimuscarinic activity. Desipramine (A) is also a tricyclic antidepressant but has lower antimuscarinic effects. Trazodone (C) and Mirtazapine (D) are not tricyclic antidepressants, hence have minimal antimuscarinic effects compared to Amitriptyline.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the early stage of cannabis intoxication typically includes euphoria, uncontrolled laughter, alteration of time sense, depersonalization, and sharpened vision. Euphoria and uncontrolled laughter are common effects of cannabis, while alteration of time sense and depersonalization are also frequently reported. Sharpened vision may occur due to the impact of cannabis on sensory perception. Therefore, all of the above symptoms are characteristic of the early stage of cannabis intoxication. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not encompass the full range of symptoms commonly associated with cannabis intoxication.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Increased myocardial demands for oxygen. Theophylline is a bronchodilator that works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways. This relaxation can lead to increased heart rate and contractility, causing the heart to work harder and increasing its demand for oxygen. Bradycardia (choice A) is not a common side effect of Theophylline. Depression of the respiratory center (choice C) is also not a typical side effect, as Theophylline is a respiratory stimulant. Elevation of arterial blood pressure (choice D) is not directly caused by Theophylline but can occur as a secondary effect due to increased heart rate and contractility.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Rationale for why the correct answer is D (Constipation): 1. Iron supplements commonly cause constipation due to their effect on the gastrointestinal tract. 2. Iron slows down bowel movements and can lead to difficulty passing stool. 3. Constipation is a recognized adverse effect of oral iron therapy in medical literature. 4. Other choices are not directly related to iron therapy - anemia is treated with iron, thrombocytopenia is a low platelet count, and headache is not a common side effect of iron supplements.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Correct Answer: A Rationale: A: ACE inhibitors directly inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, not angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. B: Enalapril is indeed a prodrug that is converted to an active metabolite. C: ACE inhibitors do reduce the secretion of aldosterone. D: ACE inhibitors can lead to hyperkalemia when combined with a potassium-sparing diuretic due to decreased aldosterone levels.