Indicate a tricyclic or a heterocyclic antidepressant having least antimuscarinic effects:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants like trazodone, bupropion, and mirtazapine have fewer antimuscarinic effects compared to older tricyclic antidepressants. These newer antidepressants have a more selective mechanism of action, targeting specific neurotransmitters, which leads to reduced antimuscarinic side effects like dry mouth, constipation, and blurred vision. Therefore, all three options have minimal antimuscarinic effects, making them favorable choices for patients who are sensitive to these side effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Reddening of the conjunctiva. Cannabis intoxication often causes redness in the eyes due to vasodilation. This occurs because cannabis can lower blood pressure and increase blood flow to the eyes. This physiologic sign, known as "red eye," is a common characteristic of cannabis intoxication. Bradycardia (A) is not typically associated with cannabis use, as it can actually increase heart rate. Miosis (C) refers to constriction of the pupils, which is more commonly seen with opioid use. Nausea and vomiting (D) are possible side effects of cannabis use, but they are not as specific to cannabis intoxication as redness of the conjunctiva.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Sodium cromoglycate. Inhaled glucocorticoids are used for asthma and other respiratory conditions. Sodium cromoglycate is a mast cell stabilizer, not a glucocorticoid. Triamcinolone, beclometazone, and budesonide are all inhaled glucocorticoids commonly used to reduce inflammation in the airways. It is important to differentiate between glucocorticoids and other types of respiratory medications to ensure proper treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is choice C, Cyanocobalamin, as it contains a cobalt atom. Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of Vitamin B12, which is essential for various bodily functions. The cobalt atom is a crucial component of Vitamin B12's structure, playing a key role in its biological activity. Choice A, Folic acid, does not contain cobalt and is a B vitamin that is important for cell division and DNA synthesis. Choice B, Iron dextran, contains iron but not cobalt, and is used to treat iron deficiency anemia. Choice D, Ferrous gluconate, is an iron supplement and does not contain cobalt. In summary, Cyanocobalamin is the correct answer as it is the only option that contains a cobalt atom, while the other choices do not.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. ACE inhibitors decrease afterload, reducing the heart's workload. 2. They reduce reactive myocardial hypertrophy, preventing heart muscle thickening. 3. They increase myocardial beta-1 adrenergic receptor density, enhancing heart function. 4. Circulating catecholamines are not increased by ACE inhibitors; elevated levels can worsen heart failure. Summary: Choice B is incorrect because ACE inhibitors do not increase catecholamine levels, which can be detrimental in heart failure. Choices A, C, and D are correct as they align with the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors in treating heart failure.