Indicate a beta1-selective receptor antagonist which has very long duration of action:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Betaxolol is the correct answer as it is a beta1-selective antagonist with a long duration of action due to its lipophilic properties. It has minimal beta2 or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, leading to prolonged effects on heart rate and blood pressure. Sotalol (B) is a non-selective beta-blocker with class III antiarrhythmic properties. Nadolol (C) is a non-selective beta-blocker with a long duration, but not beta1-selective. Metoprolol (D) is a beta1-selective antagonist but has a shorter duration compared to betaxolol.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Valproate. Valproate is contraindicated in patients with hepatic disease because it can cause severe liver damage. Patients with a history of hepatic dysfunction are at higher risk of developing hepatotoxicity with valproate use. A: Lamotrigine is generally safe in patients with hepatic disease and does not have a significant impact on liver function. C: Carbamazepine can also be used cautiously in patients with hepatic disease, although dose adjustments may be necessary. D: Phenytoin is metabolized in the liver, but it is not as strongly associated with liver toxicity as valproate. Therefore, valproate is the correct answer due to its potential for severe hepatotoxicity in patients with hepatic disease or dysfunction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Morphine. Morphine is a natural opioid analgesic that acts as an agonist at the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system, producing pain relief and sedation. It is derived from the opium poppy plant, making it a natural agonist. Meperidine (A) and Fentanyl (B) are synthetic opioids, while Naloxone (D) is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdose by blocking the effects of opioids. Therefore, the natural agonist among the options is Morphine.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of the above. Non-narcotic analgesics, such as NSAIDs and acetaminophen, have multiple effects including anti-inflammatory (A), analgesic (B), and antipyretic (C) effects. Anti-inflammatory effect helps reduce inflammation, analgesic effect helps relieve pain, and antipyretic effect helps reduce fever. Therefore, the correct answer is D as non-narcotic analgesics exhibit all these effects. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because non-narcotic analgesics do not have just one of these effects but rather a combination of all three.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amitriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants, like Amitriptyline, have a tricyclic chemical structure. They work by affecting neurotransmitters in the brain. Nefazodone (A) is a serotonin modulator, Fluoxetine (C) is an SSRI, and Isocarboxazid (D) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, not related to tricyclic antidepressants.