Increased serum aldosterone level is not associated with:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased serum aldosterone level is typically associated with conditions such as Conn's syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism. These conditions lead to an excess of aldosterone, which results in increased sodium resorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys. This imbalance can lead to hypertension (Choice A), hypernatraernia (elevated sodium level) (Choice B), and hypokalaemia (low potassium level) (Choice C). However, metabolic acidosis (Choice D) is not directly associated with increased aldosterone levels. Instead, metabolic acidosis may be seen in conditions like renal tubular acidosis or diabetic ketoacidosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. The antibodies produced by the immune system target the thyroglobulin in the thyroid gland, leading to its destruction over time. This results in decreased thyroid hormone production, leading to hypothyroidism. Therefore, choice B, "A destructive autoimmune disease caused by auto-reactive antibodies against thyroglobulin," best describes Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The phrase "Cushing's disease" specifically refers to the cause of Cushing's syndrome that is due to an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma. In this specific case, the excess production of ACTH leads to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and oversecretion of cortisol. It is important to differentiate between Cushing's syndrome caused by a pituitary adenoma (Cushing's disease) and other causes such as adrenal adenomas, ectopic ACTH production, or iatrogenic sources.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and endocrinology, understanding the symptoms of hyperthyroidism is crucial for healthcare professionals to make accurate diagnoses and provide appropriate treatment. The correct answer is A) Tremor. Tremor is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism due to the increased metabolic rate and overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system associated with an excess of thyroid hormones. Tremors are often seen in the hands and fingers of individuals with hyperthyroidism. Option B) Weight gain is incorrect because hyperthyroidism typically leads to weight loss, not weight gain. The increased metabolic rate causes individuals to burn calories at a faster rate, resulting in weight loss despite a normal or increased appetite. Option C) Heat intolerance is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism as the excess thyroid hormones can affect the body's thermoregulation, making individuals more sensitive to heat. This symptom is often accompanied by increased sweating. Option D) Diarrhea is not a common symptom of hyperthyroidism. While gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea can occur in some cases, they are not as prevalent or characteristic of hyperthyroidism as tremors, weight loss, and heat intolerance. Educationally, understanding the specific symptoms of hyperthyroidism helps students and healthcare professionals differentiate it from other thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism. This knowledge is essential for accurate diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid disorders, highlighting the importance of recognizing the hallmark signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism like tremors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acromegaly most commonly affects individuals in the age group of 30-50 years. This condition is typically diagnosed in adults between these ages. Acromegaly is often caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adults, which leads to excessive bone growth and tissue expansion. While acromegaly can develop at any age, it is more commonly seen in adults within the 30-50 age range.