Increased glomerular filtration results from:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Increased cardiac output boosts GFR e.g., more blood pressure (~55 mmHg) at glomerulus. Lower BP decreases GFR opposite. Less fluid reduces volume not GFR directly. Temperature affects skin not kidneys. Cardiac output's effect distinguishes it, key to filtration rate, unlike pressure drop or external factors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Angiotensin II stimulates zona glomerulosa e.g., aldosterone release for Na retention. JG cells secrete renin not AII. Urethra is exit not hormone. Macula densa is JGA not stimulator. Adrenal trigger distinguishes it, critical for RAAS, unlike secretion or structural errors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Recovery in acute renal failure is marked by decreasing BUN and creatinine as glomerular filtration improves, unlike weight (fluid variable), high output (diuretic phase), or electrolyte shifts (secondary). This distinguishes renal function restoration, critical for prognosis, contrasting with earlier phases' markers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: High-glucose dialysate risks hyperglycemia in diabetes not liver (metabolism), heart (fluid), or lung (respiratory) issues primarily. This distinguishes glucose monitoring, key for diabetic PD patients, contrasting with other comorbidities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Prostatic urethra is lined with transitional epithelium, adapting to urine flow, unlike simple columnar (glands), while penile urethra has stratified columnar/pseudostratified, and membranous is transitional. This distinguishes urethral histology, key for anatomical precision, contrasting with incorrect linings.