Increased fecal calprotectin concentration is seen in

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, increased fecal calprotectin concentration is seen in intestinal inflammation, making option C the correct answer. Calprotectin is a protein released by neutrophils in response to inflammation in the intestines. Elevated levels of fecal calprotectin indicate ongoing inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, making it a valuable marker for conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and other inflammatory conditions. Option A, fat malabsorption, is incorrect because it does not directly lead to an increase in fecal calprotectin levels. In fat malabsorption, the primary concern is the incomplete absorption of dietary fats, leading to symptoms like steatorrhea. Carbohydrate malabsorption, option B, similarly does not directly affect fecal calprotectin levels. Option D, pancreatic function reduction, is also incorrect in the context of fecal calprotectin concentration. Impaired pancreatic function typically leads to issues with digestion and absorption of nutrients, particularly fats and proteins, but it does not directly impact fecal calprotectin levels, which are more specific to intestinal inflammation. Educationally, understanding the significance of fecal calprotectin levels in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders is crucial for healthcare professionals working with children. It helps in diagnosing and monitoring conditions like IBD, allowing for timely intervention and management. By grasping the relationship between inflammation and fecal calprotectin levels, healthcare providers can make informed decisions regarding treatment strategies and patient care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) transabdominal ultrasonography for diagnosing pancreatic pseudocysts. Transabdominal ultrasonography is often the initial imaging modality of choice due to its non-invasiveness, cost-effectiveness, and ability to provide real-time imaging of the pancreas. It can effectively visualize fluid collections and help differentiate pseudocysts from other pancreatic pathologies. Option B) CT scanning is a valuable tool for further evaluation of pancreatic pseudocysts, providing detailed cross-sectional images. However, it is usually reserved for cases where ultrasonography results are inconclusive or further characterization is needed. Option C) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is not typically the first choice for diagnosing pancreatic pseudocysts. MRCP is more useful for evaluating biliary and pancreatic ductal anatomy rather than detecting pseudocysts. Option D) Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an invasive procedure that involves inserting a flexible tube into the duodenum to visualize the pancreatic and bile ducts. While it can be therapeutic for pseudocysts, it is not primarily used for initial diagnosis due to its invasiveness and potential complications. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate diagnostic approach for pancreatic pseudocysts is crucial for healthcare providers caring for pediatric patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Emphasizing the importance of selecting the most appropriate and least invasive imaging modality can lead to timely and accurate diagnosis, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Crigler-Najjar type I. Crigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). This enzyme is responsible for conjugating bilirubin, which is necessary for its excretion from the body. In Crigler-Najjar type I, there is a complete absence of UGT activity, leading to severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Now, let's discuss why the other options are not the correct answers: A) Galactosemia: Galactosemia is a disorder of galactose metabolism, which can also present with jaundice. However, the persistence of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of hemolysis is not a typical feature of galactosemia. B) Tyrosinemia: Tyrosinemia is a metabolic disorder that affects the breakdown of tyrosine. While it can also present with jaundice, it is not typically associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia as seen in this case. C) Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency: This is a genetic disorder that can lead to liver disease. While it can cause jaundice, it is not specifically associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. Educational Context: Understanding the different causes of hyperbilirubinemia in infants is crucial for healthcare providers, especially for nurses preparing for the NCLEX exam. Recognizing the specific characteristics of Crigler-Najjar syndrome, such as the persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of hemolysis, can help in making accurate clinical assessments and providing appropriate care for infants with this rare disorder. This knowledge is essential for early detection, diagnosis, and management of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, understanding hepatotropic viruses is crucial. The correct answer is A) HAV because Hepatitis A virus is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water. This mode of transmission does not involve parenteral (bloodborne) routes. HBV (option B) is transmitted through perinatal exposure, blood transfusions, sexual contact, and needle sharing, making it a bloodborne virus. HCV (option C) is also bloodborne and is commonly transmitted through shared needles or blood transfusions. HDV (option D) is a defective virus that requires HBV for transmission, making it also parenterally transmitted. Educationally, understanding the modes of transmission of hepatotropic viruses is essential for providing appropriate care, implementing preventive measures, and educating patients and families about disease prevention. This knowledge is vital for nursing practice, especially when caring for pediatric patients with gastrointestinal disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: HBV, or Hepatitis B Virus, is primarily spread through contact with infected blood or body fluids. Sharing needles, as in option D, is a high-risk behavior for HBV transmission due to direct blood contact. Kissing (option A) and hugging (option B) do not typically transmit HBV unless there are open sores or blood present. Sharing utensils (option C) can potentially transmit the virus if there is blood on the utensil, but it is a less common mode of transmission compared to direct blood contact via needle sharing. In an educational context, understanding how HBV is transmitted is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially when dealing with pediatric patients who may be more vulnerable to infections. By knowing the modes of transmission, healthcare providers can educate families on preventive measures to protect children from contracting HBV. This question reinforces the importance of safe practices and highlights the significance of infection control in pediatric care.