In which year was the first successful polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 1955. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first successful polio vaccine in 1955. This vaccine was a monumental breakthrough in medical history and played a crucial role in eradicating polio. Choice A (1945) is too early for the development of the polio vaccine. Choice B (1952) is also too early, as the vaccine was not developed until 1955. Choice D (1960) is too late, as the vaccine was already developed and in use by 1955. Therefore, the correct answer is C, as it aligns with the historical timeline of the development of the polio vaccine by Jonas Salk.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health. This report, released in 1964, was a landmark publication that highlighted the link between smoking and health risks, leading to significant public health interventions to reduce tobacco use. It played a crucial role in raising awareness about the dangers of smoking and paved the way for tobacco control policies. Choice B, the U.S. National Health Survey, is not directly related to tobacco use reduction efforts in the 1960s. Choice C, the Global Health Strategy on Smoking, is too broad and not specific to the 1960s public health goals. Choice D, the Healthy People Initiative, was not launched until the late 1970s and is not specifically focused on tobacco use reduction during the 1960s.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These goals were launched in the 21st century to address various global challenges, including health, by 2030. They aim to improve global health by focusing on a wide range of interconnected issues such as poverty, inequality, education, and climate change. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The Millennium Development Goals were a set of targets for developing countries established in 2000, not specifically focused on health. B: The Global Health Security Agenda focuses on strengthening global health security to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats, not achieving broader health-related goals. D: The Healthy People 2030 Initiative is a US-based initiative aimed at setting national health objectives, not global health goals.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, widespread vaccination programs. Vaccination programs played a significant role in controlling infectious diseases like polio and smallpox by creating herd immunity, reducing transmission, and preventing outbreaks. Antibiotic resistance research (A) focuses on bacteria, not viruses like polio and smallpox. Immunization against tuberculosis (C) targets a specific disease and not the broad impact of vaccines. Antiviral treatments (D) are effective for treating viral infections but do not prevent the spread of diseases on a population level like vaccination programs do.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The Clean Air Act. This legislation, passed in 1970, aimed to regulate air pollution from industrial sources. It set standards for emissions and established the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce these regulations. The Clean Water Act (B) focuses on water pollution, not air quality. The Environmental Protection Agency Act (C) created the EPA but did not specifically target air pollution. The National Health Service Act (D) is unrelated to regulating industrial pollution. In conclusion, the Clean Air Act is the most relevant choice as it directly addresses improving air quality through industrial pollution regulations.