In which of the following scenarios is administration of calcium unwise with hyperkalemia?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Acute glomerulonephritis. In this scenario, administering calcium is unwise with hyperkalemia because acute glomerulonephritis can lead to decreased glomerular filtration rate, which impairs the excretion of potassium. Calcium administration can worsen hyperkalemia by shifting potassium out of cells and into the bloodstream. Rhabdomyolysis (choice A) can cause hyperkalemia due to cell breakdown, and calcium may be beneficial to stabilize cell membranes. Nephrotoxic ATN (choice B) and ischemic ATN (choice C) are both conditions where calcium administration can help protect kidneys from further damage, but in acute glomerulonephritis, the risk of worsening hyperkalemia outweighs the potential benefits of calcium administration.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Dysuria. Dysuria refers to painful or difficult urination, which is a common symptom of prostatitis due to inflammation of the prostate gland. The patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination aligns with the definition of dysuria. B: This choice is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information related to the patient's symptoms. C: Nocturia is the increased need to urinate at night and is not directly related to the patient's complaint of burning and pain during urination. D: This choice is also incomplete and does not address the patient's specific symptoms of prostatitis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Men with a history of cryptorchidism are at the greatest risk for the development of testicular cancer. This is because cryptorchidism, which is the condition of undescended testicles, is a known risk factor for testicular cancer. When the testicles do not descend properly, there is an increased likelihood of cancer development. This statement is true as individuals with cryptorchidism have a higher risk of testicular cancer compared to those without this condition. Other choices are incorrect: A: Testicular cancer is not the most common cancer in men aged 30 to 50 years. Prostate cancer is more common in this age group. B: The early symptoms of testicular cancer are not pain and induration. Common symptoms include painless testicular swelling or a lump. D: The cure rate for testicular cancer is actually high, especially when detected early. This statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the presence of yellowish 1-cm nodules that are firm and nontender on the scrotal skin could indicate a serious issue such as testicular cancer or a benign condition like sebaceous cysts. Further evaluation is necessary to rule out malignancy or infection. A: Skin on the scrotum being taut is a normal finding. B: Left testicle hanging lower than the right is a common anatomical variation, not a cause for concern. C: The absence of information makes it impossible to determine if this finding requires follow-up.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for choice B being correct: 1. Renal autoregulation maintains a constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR). 2. If the collecting tubule reabsorbs less water, it helps regulate the body's fluid balance. 3. Reabsorbing less water in the collecting tubule helps prevent excessive fluid loss or retention. 4. This process ensures that the body maintains appropriate blood volume and blood pressure. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Loop of Henle reabsorbs ions, not more sodium and chloride ions. C: Afferent arterioles constrict to decrease GFR, not dilate to increase it. D: Efferent arterioles constrict to maintain GFR, not dilate to allow faster blood flow.