In which of the following scenarios is administration of calcium unwise with hyperkalemia?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rhabdomyolysis with hyperkalemia risks hypercalcemia muscle breakdown releases calcium, making IV calcium unwise (e.g., worsens arrhythmias). Nephrotoxic ATN (e.g., drugs) and ischemic ATN (e.g., shock) need calcium to stabilize membranes safe. Glomerulonephritis rarely alters calcium calcium helps. Rhabdomyolysis's calcium surge distinguishes it, key to avoiding iatrogenic harm, unlike ATN or glomerular scenarios where calcium corrects potassium effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Non-pregnant women with normal tracts don't need asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment no progression risk (e.g., unlike pyelonephritis). Pregnant women require it fetal/renal risk. Young children need clearance developmental impact. Men under 60 suggest obstruction treat underlying. Non-pregnant women's low risk distinguishes it, key to avoiding overtreatment, unlike high-risk groups.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Grade 4 renal injury includes deep laceration to the collecting system urine leak (e.g., pelvis breach), per AAST scale. Grade 1 is contusion superficial. Grade 2 is <1 cm laceration no collecting system. Grade 3 is >1 cm parenchyma only. Grade 4's depth distinguishes it, critical for trauma staging, unlike lesser grades.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Urine osmolality <500 mOsm/kg isn't pre-renal ARF should be >500, concentrating urine (e.g., hypoperfusion), incorrect. Decreased GFR perfusion drop, true. High specific gravity concentrated, correct. Urinary sodium <10 reabsorption, accurate. High osmolality distinguishes pre-renal, key to hypoperfusion response, unlike dilute error.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cimetidine doesn't falsely cause hematuria beetroot, raspberries, rhubarb mimic blood (pigments), common confounders. Cimetidine (H2-blocker) lacks urinary discoloration true negative. Non-false status distinguishes it, critical for hematuria evaluation, unlike dietary mimics.