In which of the following cases is dehydration more likely to occur?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the case of dehydration, the correct answer is B) A 50-year-old man who is morbidly obese. This is because individuals who are obese are more prone to dehydration due to their increased body mass, which requires a higher amount of water for proper functioning. Additionally, obese individuals may have impaired thirst mechanisms and may not consume enough fluids to meet their body's needs, leading to dehydration. Option A) A 50-year-old woman who is a bodybuilder is less likely to experience dehydration compared to the obese man because bodybuilders are typically conscious of their hydration needs and often consume adequate fluids to support their intense physical activity. Option C) A 10-year-old child who is thin is less likely to experience dehydration as well, as children generally have better-regulated thirst mechanisms and tend to drink fluids more frequently compared to adults. Option D) A 30-year-old with multiple sclerosis may face challenges related to dehydration due to potential mobility issues or medication side effects, but the likelihood is lower compared to the obese individual, as multiple sclerosis itself does not directly increase the risk of dehydration. From an educational perspective, understanding the factors that contribute to dehydration in different populations is crucial for nursing students. It involves recognizing the specific risk factors, such as obesity in this case, that can predispose individuals to dehydration and tailoring interventions to meet the unique needs of each patient to prevent complications associated with fluid imbalance.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Immune complex deposition, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation. In acute glomerulonephritis, immune complexes deposit in the glomerulus, leading to inflammation, increased capillary permeability, and cellular proliferation. These processes collectively reduce the glomerular filtration rate. Choices A, C, and D do not accurately describe the pathophysiologic process in acute glomerulonephritis. Decreased renal-induced constriction of the renal arteries, necrosis of nephrons due to increased kidney interstitial hydrostatic pressure, and scar tissue formation in the proximal convoluted tubule are not the primary mechanisms responsible for the decreased filtration rate in this condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Obesity and irregular menstrual cycles, including periods of amenorrhea and infrequent periods, are significant risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. Choice A is less likely as postmenopausal status reduces the risk. Choice C is not directly associated with a high risk of endometrial cancer. Choice D, smoking, is more strongly linked to other types of cancers like lung cancer rather than endometrial cancer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Right lower quadrant cramping. Crohn's disease commonly presents with abdominal pain, particularly in the right lower quadrant. Choice B, severe bloody diarrhea, is more characteristic of ulcerative colitis, another type of inflammatory bowel disease. Choice C, nausea and vomiting, are not typical symptoms of Crohn's disease. Choice D is incorrect as Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, not just the rectum.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Colon cancer. Colon cancer commonly presents with blood in the stool due to bleeding from the tumor. Gastroesophageal reflux (Choice A) is associated with heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents into the esophagus. Crohn's disease (Choice B) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease that can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss, but it does not typically present with blood in the stool as a primary symptom. Irritable bowel syndrome (Choice C) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, but it does not usually involve blood in the stool as a prominent feature.