In what year did the United States officially declare the goal of eradicating polio?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: 1955. In that year, the United States officially declared the goal of eradicating polio with the establishment of the Salk polio vaccine. This marked a significant milestone in the fight against polio. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the specific declaration to eradicate polio did not occur in those years. In 1940, efforts were underway but the official declaration was not made. In 1963, the oral polio vaccine was licensed, and in 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was launched, but the specific goal of eradication was not officially declared in those years.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Joseph Lister. Joseph Lister is known for pioneering the use of antiseptics in surgery by introducing carbolic acid as a disinfectant to sterilize surgical instruments and clean wounds. His work significantly reduced post-operative infections. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not antiseptics. Louis Pasteur is known for pasteurization and germ theory, not specifically for antiseptics in surgery. Ignaz Semmelweis discovered the importance of handwashing in preventing infections, but he did not pioneer the use of antiseptics in surgery like Joseph Lister did.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: The founding of the World Health Organization (WHO). In 1948, WHO was established as a specialized agency of the United Nations, dedicated to promoting global health. The creation of WHO marked a major milestone in global health efforts because it provided a platform for international cooperation, coordination, and advocacy on health issues. The other choices are incorrect because: A: The creation of the United Nations in 1945 focused on international peace and security, not specifically on global health. C: The introduction of the polio vaccine occurred in 1955 by Jonas Salk, which was a significant event but happened after 1948. D: The Health for All Declaration was adopted by WHO in 1978, emphasizing the goal of achieving health for all by the year 2000, making it not the correct answer for the international event in 1948.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: The Medicare and Medicaid Act. This legislation, passed in the 1960s, established both Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid for low-income individuals. Medicare provides health coverage for individuals aged 65 and older, while Medicaid offers coverage for those with low incomes. The Affordable Care Act (A) was passed in 2010 and expanded access to healthcare but was not the key legislation in the 1960s. The Social Security Act (C) was passed in the 1930s and primarily focused on providing retirement benefits. The Medicaid Act (B) is not a standalone legislation and is part of the Medicare and Medicaid Act.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the 1946 National Mental Health Act in the U.S. indeed created the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). This institute was established to conduct research on mental health issues and to provide funding for research grants. It played a crucial role in advancing understanding and treatment of mental health disorders. Choice A is incorrect because the Act did not establish the first national health insurance program. Choice B is incorrect as the Act did not specifically focus on increasing healthcare funding for rural communities. Choice D is incorrect as the Act did not provide free mental health services for all citizens; rather, it focused on research and funding for mental health initiatives.