ATI RN
Public Health Foundation Questions
Question 1 of 5
In the US, it is popular to say that 'the zip code is a better predictor of health than the genetic code.' This statement illustrates the phenomenon:
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C) health inequalities. This statement reflects the idea that an individual's health outcomes are more significantly influenced by their social and economic circumstances, which are often linked to their geographic location, rather than their genetic makeup. This concept underscores the importance of social determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, education, employment, housing, and environmental factors, in shaping health outcomes. Option A) globalization is incorrect because the statement is not directly related to the interconnectedness of economies and cultures across the world. Option B) technological progress is incorrect as the statement does not pertain to advancements in technology impacting health predictions. Option D) demographic transformation is not the best choice as the statement primarily addresses the impact of social and economic factors on health rather than changes in population structure. Educationally, understanding the significance of the social determinants of health and health inequalities is crucial for public health professionals and policymakers. It emphasizes the need for interventions that address underlying socioeconomic disparities to improve population health outcomes. By recognizing the influence of factors such as income, education, employment, and access to resources on health, stakeholders can develop more effective strategies to reduce health disparities and promote health equity in communities.
Question 2 of 5
Syphilis treatment in pregnant woman is an action in the area of:
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: In public health, the treatment of syphilis in a pregnant woman falls under phase II prevention. This is because phase II prevention, also known as secondary prevention, focuses on early detection and treatment of a disease to prevent complications and further transmission. In the case of syphilis in pregnancy, prompt identification and treatment of the infection can prevent adverse outcomes such as congenital syphilis in the newborn. Option A, phase I prevention, involves measures to prevent the initial development of a disease. Syphilis treatment in a pregnant woman does not fall under this category as it is beyond the stage of preventing the initial infection. Option C, phase III prevention, refers to tertiary prevention which involves managing the consequences of a disease to prevent further complications. While syphilis treatment in pregnancy may prevent complications, it is more aligned with phase II prevention. Option D, phase I and II prevention, is incorrect because syphilis treatment in a pregnant woman specifically aligns with phase II prevention. It is essential for public health professionals to understand the different phases of prevention to effectively implement strategies to control and prevent diseases. By correctly identifying the stage of prevention, interventions can be targeted and tailored to address specific needs and achieve optimal health outcomes.
Question 3 of 5
In August 2017 Madagascar recorded the largest outbreak of plague in the decade. As of 12 October 2017 there were 560 cases of plague comprising 394 cases of pneumonic plague, 143 cases of bubonic plague, 1 case of septicemic plague and 22 cases of clinically undefined plague. 57 deaths were recorded. Madagascar has a population of 24.9 million people. The mortality rate expressed as a percentage is:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A) 57 / 560 x 100% = 10.2% because it correctly calculates the mortality rate, which in this context refers to the case fatality rate. The case fatality rate is determined by dividing the number of deaths by the total number of cases and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. In this scenario, the calculation is (57 deaths / 560 total cases) x 100% = 10.2%. Option B) 143 / 560 x 100% = 25.5% is incorrect because it incorrectly uses the number of bubonic plague cases instead of the total number of cases in the denominator. Option C) 394 / 560 x 100% = 70.4% is incorrect because it uses the number of pneumonic plague cases instead of the total number of cases in the denominator. Option D) 57 / 24,900,000 x 100% = 0.0002% is incorrect because it erroneously uses the total population of Madagascar instead of the total number of plague cases in the denominator. Understanding how to calculate mortality rates is crucial in public health to assess the severity of disease outbreaks and guide public health interventions. By mastering this calculation, health professionals can accurately interpret and communicate the impact of diseases on populations, leading to more effective responses and preventive measures.
Question 4 of 5
The Helsinki Declaration of 1964 concerns:
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B) protection of the rights of clinical trial participants. The Helsinki Declaration of 1964 is a crucial document in the field of medical research ethics. It outlines ethical principles for conducting research involving human subjects, emphasizing the importance of informed consent, minimizing risks, and ensuring the well-being and rights of participants. This declaration has had a significant impact on shaping ethical guidelines for clinical trials globally. Option A) primary health care, is incorrect because the Helsinki Declaration specifically focuses on research ethics, not primary healthcare delivery. Option C) health promoting hospitals, is incorrect as the declaration does not pertain to hospital practices but rather research ethics. Option D) improving quality in healthcare, is also incorrect as the Helsinki Declaration is centered on protecting the rights and welfare of individuals involved in research studies, not on broader healthcare quality improvement initiatives. In an educational context, understanding the Helsinki Declaration is essential for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students in the field of public health. It underscores the ethical considerations and responsibilities involved in conducting research with human subjects, promoting a culture of respect, transparency, and protection of individuals' rights in scientific investigations. Adherence to such ethical standards is fundamental in upholding the integrity and credibility of public health research and practice.
Question 5 of 5
Indicate screening tests that will be conducted according to the guidelines of the National Program for Combating Cancer 2016-2024: 1) colonoscopy in 50-65 years olds once every 15 years; 2) colonoscopy in 50-69 years olds once every 5 years; 3) colonoscopy in 55-64 years olds once every 10 years; 4) cytology in women aged 25-59 once every 3 years; 5) mammography in women aged 50-69 once every 3 years.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer, D) 3,4, aligns with the guidelines of the National Program for Combating Cancer 2016-2024. Colonoscopy is recommended for individuals aged 55-64 once every 10 years, which is reflected in option 3. Additionally, cytology screening for cervical cancer is advised for women aged 25-59 every 3 years, as indicated in option 4. Option A) 1,4 is incorrect because it includes colonoscopy for 50-65 years olds once every 15 years, which does not match the recommended frequency in the guidelines. Option B) 1,5 is incorrect because it pairs colonoscopy for 50-65 years olds once every 15 years with mammography for women aged 50-69 once every 3 years, which does not adhere to the specified screening criteria. Option C) 2,5 is incorrect as it combines colonoscopy for 50-69 years olds once every 5 years with mammography for women aged 50-69 once every 3 years, deviating from the screening intervals outlined in the guidelines. Educationally, understanding the recommended screening tests and their respective frequencies according to established guidelines is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide appropriate preventive care and early detection of cancer. This knowledge ensures that individuals receive the necessary screenings at the right time, contributing to improved health outcomes and reduced mortality rates associated with cancer.