In the Oliver Sacks chapter, the patient with Tourette's syndrome was treated with Haldol and all EXCEPT which of the below occurred?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this case, the correct answer is option A: there was an immediate positive influence on his daily life. This is the correct answer because, in Oliver Sacks' chapter, the patient with Tourette's syndrome did not experience an instant improvement in his condition upon taking Haldol. It took time for the medication to have a positive impact on his symptoms. Option B is incorrect because the patient did not choose to take the medication only during the week and not on weekends. Option C is incorrect because his job situation and home life did not necessarily improve immediately after starting the medication. Option D is incorrect because the patient did not become worse at ping-pong; in fact, his ping-pong skills improved after starting the medication. From an educational perspective, understanding the nuances of medication effects and treatment outcomes in psychobiological disorders like Tourette's syndrome is crucial. This question highlights the importance of patience and realistic expectations when it comes to the impact of medications on individuals with such conditions. It also emphasizes the need for careful monitoring and individualized treatment plans for each patient.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Babinski reflex. The Babinski reflex is a normal reflex seen in infants where stroking the sole of the foot causes the big toe to extend upward while the other toes fan out. This response is indicative of the immaturity of the central nervous system in infants. A) Plantar reflex is the opposite of the Babinski reflex, where the toes curl inward when the sole of the foot is stimulated. This reflex is commonly seen in adults and is considered a normal response. C) Startle reflex is a response to a sudden, loud noise or sudden movement, causing the infant to startle and potentially throw their arms out. This reflex is not elicited by stroking the foot. D) Rooting reflex is a reflex seen in infants where they turn their head and open their mouth in the direction of a touch on their cheek or mouth. This reflex is related to feeding behavior and is not associated with foot stimulation. Understanding these reflexes is crucial for healthcare professionals working with infants as they can provide insights into the development and functioning of the nervous system. Recognizing abnormal reflex patterns can also help in identifying potential neurological issues early on.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) alarm, resistance, exhaustion. Selye's general adaptation syndrome describes the body's response to stress in three stages. Firstly, the alarm stage is the initial reaction to a stressor, where the body goes into a fight-or-flight mode to prepare for the challenge. This physiological response includes increased heart rate, heightened senses, and the release of stress hormones like adrenaline. Secondly, the resistance stage is where the body attempts to cope with the ongoing stressor. During this phase, the body tries to adapt to the stressor and maintain a state of alertness and readiness to deal with the situation. Lastly, the exhaustion stage occurs when the body's resources are depleted from prolonged exposure to stress. This stage can lead to physical and emotional burnout, increased vulnerability to illness, and a decreased ability to cope with additional stressors. Option A) fight-or-flight, defense, withdrawal does not align with Selye's general adaptation syndrome stages. Fight-or-flight is part of the alarm stage, but defense and withdrawal are not specific stages in this model. Option C) allostatic load, stress, return to normalcy confuses the concept of allostatic load, which is the long-term wear and tear on the body due to chronic stress, with the stages of general adaptation syndrome. Option D) denial, adaptation, acceptance does not correspond to the physiological responses outlined in Selye's model. While adaptation is part of the general adaptation syndrome, denial and acceptance are psychological coping mechanisms rather than distinct physiological stages. Understanding Selye's general adaptation syndrome is crucial in comprehending how the body responds to stress and the potential consequences of prolonged stress exposure. Educating individuals about these stages can help them recognize and manage their stress levels effectively to prevent negative health outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Perceived social support provides a bigger benefit than enacted social support. This is because perceived social support refers to an individual's belief that they have supportive relationships, which can act as a buffer against stress. It is the perception of being supported that matters more in reducing stress levels than the actual support received. This belief can lead to increased feelings of self-worth, security, and coping abilities, all of which help in managing stress effectively. Option B) All social contact is beneficial in dealing with stress is incorrect because not all social interactions provide the same level of support. Quality matters more than quantity when it comes to social support. Meaningful, supportive relationships have a greater impact on stress reduction than superficial or negative interactions. Option C) People who have many friends have more perceived social support is incorrect because the number of friends does not necessarily equate to higher levels of perceived social support. It is the quality of the relationships and the feeling of being supported that determine the impact on stress levels, not the quantity of friends. Option D) People who receive the most enacted social support also report the greatest perceived social support is incorrect because enacted social support (actual support received) does not always translate into perceived social support (individual's belief in the support available to them). One can receive a lot of support from others but still feel unsupported if they do not perceive the support as genuine or meaningful. In an educational context, understanding the nuances of social support and its impact on stress can help individuals develop healthier coping mechanisms. Teaching students to differentiate between perceived and enacted social support can empower them to cultivate meaningful relationships that contribute positively to their mental well-being. This knowledge can also guide interventions aimed at reducing stress and promoting emotional resilience.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B) A less intense but longer-lasting form of depression. Dysthymia is a type of chronic depression where individuals experience persistent low mood, lack of interest or pleasure in daily activities, and feelings of hopelessness. It is characterized by milder symptoms compared to major depressive disorder but lasts for a longer duration, typically for at least two years in adults and one year in adolescents. Option A is incorrect because dysthymia is not a movement disorder but rather a mood disorder. It is not caused by psychoactive medication but is believed to result from a combination of biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Option C is incorrect as dysthymia is not characterized by fast, disconnected thoughts. Instead, individuals with dysthymia typically experience persistent feelings of sadness and low energy. Option D is incorrect as dysthymia is not the early phase of a bipolar episode. Bipolar disorder involves periods of mania and depression, whereas dysthymia is a chronic low-grade depression without the presence of manic episodes. Educationally, understanding the distinction between dysthymia and other mood disorders is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Recognizing the symptoms and duration of dysthymia can help healthcare professionals provide appropriate interventions and support for individuals struggling with this chronic condition.