In the laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis, the expected parasite stage in vitro is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Promastigote. In the laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis, the expected parasite stage in vitro is the promastigote form. This is because the promastigote form is the stage of the parasite that lives in the sandfly vector and is transmitted to humans, causing infection. In vitro, the promastigote form can be cultured and studied for diagnostic purposes. Incorrect choices: A: Amastigote - This is the intracellular form of the parasite found in mammalian hosts and not typically used for laboratory diagnosis. C: Trypomastigote - This form is typically associated with Trypanosoma species, not Leishmania. D: Schizont - This term is used for malaria parasites, not Leishmania parasites. In summary, the promastigote form is the most relevant stage for laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis due to its presence in the sandfly vector and its ability to

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: SLE. Non-thrombocytopenic purpura refers to purpura without low platelet count. In SLE, thrombocytopenia is common, leading to purpura. A: Vasculitis can cause non-thrombocytopenic purpura due to vessel inflammation. B: Uraemia can lead to non-thrombocytopenic purpura due to vascular damage. C: Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia presents with telangiectasias and recurrent epistaxis, not purpura.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: lithium. Lithium is not known to cause haemolytic anemia. Penicillin (A), Quinidine (C), and methyldopa (D) are associated with causing haemolytic anemia due to various mechanisms, such as immune-mediated destruction of red blood cells. In contrast, lithium is primarily used to treat mood disorders and does not have a direct link to causing haemolytic anemia. Therefore, by process of elimination and understanding the pharmacological effects of these drugs, we can determine that lithium is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: hereditary spherocytosis. In this condition, there is splenomegaly due to hemolysis, leading to jaundice. The increased MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) is a characteristic finding in hereditary spherocytosis. Liver cirrhosis (choice A) may cause jaundice but is not typically associated with splenomegaly and increased MCH. Thalassemia major (choice B) presents with microcytic anemia and not typically associated with increased MCH. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (choice C) is known for hemolysis but does not commonly present with splenomegaly and increased MCH.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: pancreatitis. Sickle cell anemia does not typically manifest with pancreatitis. The pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia involves sickle-shaped red blood cells leading to vaso-occlusive crises, resulting in complications such as papillary necrosis, osteomyelitis, and congestive heart failure. Pancreatitis is not a common complication of sickle cell anemia due to the absence of significant involvement of the pancreas in the disease process. Therefore, option B is the correct choice, as it does not align with the typical complications seen in sickle cell anemia.