In the first 2 months of life, a febrile, previously full-term infant is more likely than an older febrile child is to have

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is A) Sepsis caused by group B streptococci. In the first 2 months of life, infants are at a higher risk of serious bacterial infections due to their immature immune systems. Group B streptococci are a common cause of sepsis in neonates, especially within the first month of life. These bacteria can be transmitted from the mother during childbirth, leading to infection in the newborn. Option B) Pharyngitis caused by group A streptococci is less likely in a febrile infant, as pharyngitis is more common in older children and adults. Option C) Meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis is also less common in infants under 2 months compared to older children. Option D) Urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis is rare in neonates and more commonly seen in older children or adults. Educational Context: Understanding the age-specific risks and common pathogens in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses working in pediatric settings. Recognizing the unique challenges in diagnosing and treating infections in neonates can help healthcare providers provide timely and appropriate care to this vulnerable population. By knowing the typical pathogens associated with different age groups, nurses can quickly assess and intervene in cases of febrile illness in infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding basic life support measures is crucial for providing effective care during emergencies. The FALSE statement in this question is option C, which states that the chin lift is the desired method for opening the airway in traumatized children. The correct method for opening the airway in a traumatized child is the jaw-thrust maneuver, not the chin lift. The jaw-thrust maneuver is preferred in children with potential cervical spine injuries as it avoids unnecessary movement of the cervical spine. This technique helps in maintaining alignment of the cervical spine while still opening the airway for effective ventilation. Option A is true because chest compressions in infants are performed just below the intermammary line to ensure effective circulation. Option B is incorrect as the ratio of compressions to ventilations during CPR for infants and children is 15:2, not 5:1. Option D is also incorrect as effective chest compressions should result in a palpable peripheral pulse, not necessarily a central pulse. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to grasp these key concepts to ensure they can provide appropriate and safe care to pediatric patients in emergency situations. Understanding the correct techniques for basic life support measures can significantly impact patient outcomes and survival rates.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), the correct answer is D) All of the above. Rheumatoid Arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of various autoantibodies. Anti-CCP (cyclic citrullinated peptide) antibodies are highly specific for RA and are detected in the majority of patients with RA, making option A correct. While option C) RF (rheumatoid factor) is not as specific to RA as Anti-CCP, it is still commonly associated with the disease. RF is an autoantibody that targets the Fc portion of IgG antibodies, contributing to the immune complex formation seen in RA. Option B) ANA (antinuclear antibody) is not typically associated with RA. ANA is more commonly seen in systemic autoimmune diseases like lupus. Understanding these different antibodies and their associations with specific diseases is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with RA. By knowing which antibodies are linked to RA, nurses can anticipate disease progression, monitor for complications, and provide appropriate interventions to improve outcomes for their young patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, it is crucial to understand the role of medications in the treatment of various conditions, including rheumatic diseases. Hydroxychloroquine is a drug commonly used in the management of conditions like juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in children. The correct answer is D) All of the above. Hydroxychloroquine has a multifaceted role in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. It works by suppressing the immune response, which is beneficial in autoimmune conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. By reducing inflammation, hydroxychloroquine helps alleviate symptoms such as joint pain and swelling commonly seen in rheumatic diseases. Additionally, hydroxychloroquine has been shown to improve skin lesions in conditions like lupus by modulating the immune response and reducing inflammatory skin manifestations. Option A) Suppress immune response is correct as mentioned above. Option B) Reduce inflammation is also correct as it is one of the mechanisms of action of hydroxychloroquine in treating rheumatic diseases. Option C) Improve skin lesions is correct as hydroxychloroquine's anti-inflammatory properties can help in resolving skin manifestations seen in diseases like lupus. Understanding the role of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatic diseases is essential for pediatric nurses caring for children with these conditions. It is important to be aware of the medication's mechanisms of action and potential benefits to effectively manage symptoms and improve the quality of life for pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Systemic sclerosis, also known as scleroderma, is a connective tissue disorder characterized by excessive collagen deposition leading to fibrosis in the skin and internal organs. One of the hallmark features of systemic sclerosis is Raynaud's phenomenon, which presents as color changes in the fingers or toes in response to cold or stress due to vasospasm of small blood vessels. Option A, Raynaud's phenomenon, is the correct answer because it is a classic feature of systemic sclerosis and is often one of the earliest symptoms experienced by individuals with this condition. It is a result of abnormal vascular response to cold or emotional stress. Option B, joint swelling, is not typically a characteristic feature of systemic sclerosis. Joint involvement is more commonly seen in conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. Option C, fever, is also not a typical feature of systemic sclerosis unless there is an associated infection or inflammatory process, but it is not a defining characteristic of the disease. Option D, rash, is not a primary feature of systemic sclerosis. While skin changes are common in systemic sclerosis, they typically present as skin thickening, tightening, and fibrosis rather than a rash. Educational Context: Understanding the characteristic features of systemic sclerosis is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, as early recognition and diagnosis can lead to better management and outcomes for patients. By knowing the key clinical manifestations of systemic sclerosis, nurses can collaborate effectively with the healthcare team to provide holistic care to pediatric patients with this condition.