In scabies:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In scabies, the correct answer is A) Itching is due to sensitization by the mite. This is because scabies is a parasitic infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that burrows into the skin, leading to an allergic reaction and intense itching as the body reacts to the presence of the mite and its products. Option B) Vesicles may be seen in children is incorrect because scabies typically presents as papules, burrows, and nodules rather than vesicles. Vesicles are more commonly associated with conditions like herpes simplex or varicella. Option C) The organism is easily demonstrated is incorrect because diagnosing scabies requires identifying mites, eggs, or fecal matter under a microscope, which can be challenging and may require multiple skin scrapings. Option D) Spread can occur through clothes and bedding is incorrect because scabies is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infested individual. While transmission through shared clothing or bedding is possible, it is less common compared to direct contact. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic criteria of scabies is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working in pediatric settings. By knowing the correct information about scabies, healthcare professionals can accurately diagnose and manage this condition in pediatric patients, ensuring appropriate treatment and prevention strategies are implemented.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the indications for an exchange transfusion is crucial for providing safe and effective care to infants and children. The correct answer is A) ABO incompatibility. Rationale for A) ABO incompatibility: An exchange transfusion is indicated in cases of ABO incompatibility, a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, leading to hemolytic disease of the newborn. This can result in severe hemolysis and hyperbilirubinemia, requiring removal of the baby's blood and replacement with compatible donor blood to prevent complications such as kernicterus. Rationale for why others are wrong: B) Acute chest syndrome: Acute chest syndrome is a complication of sickle cell disease, not an indication for exchange transfusion. C) Sepsis: While sepsis may require blood transfusion, it is not a specific indication for an exchange transfusion. D) Polycythemia: Polycythemia is an excess of red blood cells and is not typically an indication for exchange transfusion unless it is causing significant complications. Educational context: Understanding the specific indications for exchange transfusion is essential in pediatric cardiovascular nursing to ensure appropriate and timely interventions for infants and children at risk of serious complications. ABO incompatibility is a high-yield topic in pediatric nursing that requires a thorough understanding of blood type compatibility and its implications for neonatal health. By knowing the correct indications for exchange transfusion, nurses can advocate for prompt treatment and improve outcomes for their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is crucial. The correct answer in this scenario is option B: Features usually present before five years of age. This is because DMD is a genetic disorder that primarily affects young boys, with symptoms typically manifesting before the age of five. Option A, affecting the dystrophin gene, is a common characteristic of DMD. The absence of functional dystrophin protein is a key factor in the pathophysiology of this condition. Option C, frontal baldness, is not a typical feature of DMD. This distractor may lead to confusion if not properly understood. Option D, being part of the differential diagnosis in a floppy infant, is incorrect as DMD is not typically associated with floppy infant syndrome. Educationally, it is important for nurses to be able to recognize the early signs and symptoms of DMD in pediatric patients to facilitate timely diagnosis and intervention. Understanding the genetic basis of the condition and its typical presentation age are key components in providing comprehensive care to children with DMD. This knowledge enables nurses to support families, coordinate care with a multidisciplinary team, and implement appropriate interventions to optimize outcomes for these patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the clinical features of brucellosis is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. The correct answer, option D - Splenomegaly, is a recognized feature of brucellosis. Brucellosis is a systemic infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria, commonly affecting the spleen among other organs. Option A - Osteomyelitis, is not a typical feature of brucellosis. Although brucellosis can affect bones, it more commonly presents with joint pain and arthritis rather than osteomyelitis. Option B - Liver granuloma, is not a characteristic feature of brucellosis. While brucellosis can involve the liver, the formation of granulomas in the liver is not a primary manifestation of this disease. Option C - Pericarditis, is not a typical finding in brucellosis. Pericarditis, inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart, is not a common complication associated with brucellosis. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of brucellosis in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses working in pediatric cardiovascular settings. Recognizing the key features such as splenomegaly can aid in early identification and appropriate management of brucellosis cases, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding skin lesions associated with central nervous system (CNS) problems is crucial for early identification and intervention. In this case, the correct answer is D) Axillary freckling. Axillary freckling is typically associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), which is a genetic disorder affecting the nervous system. This specific skin manifestation is a key diagnostic feature of NF1 and can indicate underlying CNS involvement. Regarding the other options: A) Dermatitis herpetiformis is a skin condition related to gluten sensitivity, not CNS problems. B) Vitiligo is a skin condition characterized by depigmentation, not specifically linked to CNS issues. C) Strawberry angioma on the face is a benign vascular growth, typically not indicative of CNS problems in the context of skin lesions. Educationally, understanding these associations helps pediatric nurses in recognizing potential neurological issues in their patients. By being aware of these dermatological signs, healthcare providers can facilitate early referrals, comprehensive assessments, and appropriate management for children with CNS involvement. This knowledge contributes to a holistic approach to pediatric care, ensuring optimal outcomes for patients with complex conditions.