Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Castration anxiety is a concept specific to the Phallic stage in psychoanalytic theory, according to Sigmund Freud. During the Phallic stage, children experience the Oedipus complex (boys) and Electra complex (girls), where they develop unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent and fear castration by the same-sex parent. This anxiety is a crucial aspect of the Phallic stage, making it the correct answer. The other stages (Genital, Oral, and Anal) do not directly involve castration anxiety and focus on different aspects of psychosexual development.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Studies on the cultural differences in parental tolerance of under- or over-controlled behavior suggest that these different styles can produce different rates of problem behaviors in different cultures. This is because cultural norms and expectations influence how parental tolerance and responses to behavior are shaped. Choice B is incorrect because parental styles do play a role in behavior problems, influenced by cultural factors. Choice C is incorrect as parental styles can vary across cultures and impact behavior problems differently. Choice D is incorrect because cultural attitudes towards seeking treatment for behavior problems can vary significantly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Early intervention is crucial in preventing or mitigating the development of mental disorders by addressing issues before they fully develop. Choice A is incorrect because early intervention plays a significant role in preventing mental disorders. Choice C is incorrect as early intervention aims to improve mental health outcomes. Choice D is incorrect as early intervention is effective across various stages of mental health conditions, not just in severe cases.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Genetic predisposition plays a significant role in the development of mental disorders, interacting with environmental factors. While genetics can predispose individuals to certain mental disorders, it is not a guarantee that the disorders will develop. Environmental factors, such as lifestyle, upbringing, and traumatic experiences, also play a crucial role in the manifestation of mental health conditions. Choice C is incorrect as genetic predisposition does have relevance in mental health. Choice D is incorrect as genetic predisposition and environmental factors both contribute to the development of mental disorders, neither completely overriding the other.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is reinforcement. Reinforcement involves providing a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Operant conditioning (Choice A) refers to learning through consequences for behavior, which includes reinforcement and punishment. Classical conditioning (Choice C) involves forming associations between stimuli and involuntary responses. Punishment (Choice D) involves providing a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. In this context, the question specifically asks about a process that increases the probability of a behavior occurring, aligning with the concept of reinforcement.