In protein energy malnutrition:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In protein energy malnutrition, such as kwashiorkor or marasmus, the correct answer is A) Albumin is typically low. Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver and its levels decrease in malnutrition due to inadequate protein intake. This leads to hypoalbuminemia which can contribute to edema and impaired immune function. Option B) RT3 levels are decreased is incorrect as reverse T3 levels are actually increased in protein energy malnutrition. Option C) There is increased reaction to tuberculin testing is incorrect as malnourished individuals may have a decreased response to skin testing due to weakened immune function. Option D) Fatty liver is a recognized finding is incorrect as fatty liver is more commonly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome rather than protein energy malnutrition. Educationally, understanding the biochemical and physiological changes that occur in protein energy malnutrition is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders, as malnutrition can significantly impact a child's overall health and recovery. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of malnutrition, such as low albumin levels, can prompt early intervention and improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Turner syndrome is a genetic condition that only affects females, characterized by the absence of part or all of one of the X chromosomes. The correct answer is A) Short stature. This is a hallmark feature of Turner syndrome, with affected individuals typically having short stature and a lack of normal growth spurts during puberty due to ovarian failure. Option B) Polydactyly refers to having extra fingers or toes, which is not a characteristic feature of Turner syndrome. Option C) Congenital heart defects are not specific to Turner syndrome but can be present in some cases. However, short stature is more commonly associated with Turner syndrome. Option D) Mental retardation is not a typical feature of Turner syndrome. Individuals with Turner syndrome usually have normal intelligence, but may experience learning disabilities or difficulties with spatial relationships. Educational context: Understanding the clinical manifestations of genetic disorders like Turner syndrome is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for affected children. Recognizing the key features of Turner syndrome, such as short stature, helps in early identification, appropriate management, and providing necessary support to optimize the child's growth and development. Nurses play a vital role in the multidisciplinary team caring for children with genetic conditions, making accurate knowledge of such conditions essential in delivering quality pediatric care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: Klinefelter's syndrome is a chromosomal disorder that occurs in males, where they have an extra X chromosome (47,XXY). The correct answer is B) Is the result of meiotic non-dysjunction. Meiotic non-dysjunction refers to the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis, leading to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting gametes. In the case of Klinefelter's syndrome, there is an extra X chromosome due to non-disjunction during either the formation of the sperm or the egg. Option A) Has a karyotype XXV is incorrect because individuals with Klinefelter's syndrome have a karyotype of 47,XXY, not XXV. Option C) Shows delay in bone age/maturation is incorrect as delayed bone age/maturation is not a defining characteristic of Klinefelter's syndrome. Option D) Is a recognised cause of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is incorrect. Klinefelter's syndrome is associated with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism due to testicular failure and elevated levels of gonadotropins. Educationally, understanding Klinefelter's syndrome is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics and endocrinology. Recognizing the genetic basis of the condition and its clinical manifestations can aid in early diagnosis and appropriate management, including hormone replacement therapy and fertility options. It also highlights the importance of genetic counseling for affected individuals and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the impact of acute graft-versus-host reaction on organ systems is crucial. The correct answer is A) Skin. In acute graft-versus-host reaction, the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues, particularly affecting organs with high cellular turnover like the skin. Option B) Renal system is incorrect because acute graft-versus-host reaction typically does not primarily target the kidneys. Option C) Gut is incorrect as well, although gastrointestinal symptoms can occur, the skin is more prominently affected. Option D) CNS is also incorrect as the central nervous system is not a chief organ system affected in this type of reaction. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the manifestations of acute graft-versus-host reaction in pediatric patients, particularly the dermatologic symptoms. Understanding the specific organ systems involved can guide nursing interventions and help provide holistic care to these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the effects of bulimia nervosa on a patient's health is crucial. The correct answer, option B, "Patients may get hypokalemia," is the most relevant in this scenario. Bulimia nervosa, characterized by binge-eating followed by purging behaviors, can lead to electrolyte imbalances, including hypokalemia, due to repeated vomiting or laxative abuse. This can have serious cardiovascular implications such as arrhythmias and cardiac arrest, making it essential for nurses to monitor and address this complication in pediatric patients with bulimia nervosa. Option A, "Review of teeth may aid diagnosis," is incorrect as dental issues like erosion of tooth enamel are more commonly associated with bulimia nervosa, rather than aiding in diagnosis. Option C, "Patients are likely to neglect their appearance," while a common stereotype, is not a typical characteristic of bulimia nervosa and can lead to misconceptions and stigmatization. Option D, "There is an association with calluses on the dorsum of hands," is more indicative of a behavior like self-induced vomiting in disorders like bulimia nervosa, but it is not as directly linked to the cardiovascular complications that hypokalemia can cause. In an educational context, it is important for pediatric nurses to have a comprehensive understanding of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa, their potential complications, and appropriate interventions to provide holistic care to their patients. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia in patients with bulimia nervosa is essential for early detection and effective management to prevent serious cardiovascular consequences.