In presence of ADH, the osmolality of medullary tissue is up to 1200 mOsm/kg Hâ‚‚O by:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: With ADH, medullary osmolality reaches 1200 mOsm/kg NaCl (countercurrent) and urea (recycling) contribute (e.g., concentrated urine). NaCl alone understates urea adds. Urea alone ignores NaCl insufficient. Never reaching 1200 denies physiology false. Dual solutes distinguish it, critical for concentration, unlike single or negated factors.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic alkalosis fits pH 7.55 (high), HCO₃⁻ 40 (elevated), PCO₂ 52 (compensatory rise) from GI H loss (e.g., vomiting). Metabolic acidosis lowers pH/HCO₃⁻ opposite. Respiratory alkalosis drops PCO₂ unmatched. Respiratory acidosis raises PCO₂/lowers pH misfit. HCO₃⁻ elevation distinguishes it, critical for alkalosis diagnosis, unlike acidotic or respiratory shifts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Bowman's capsule encases the glomerulus not ureter (transport), loop of Henle (medulla), or bladder (storage). This specifies filtration anatomy, key for understanding GFR, contrasting with distant structures.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Micturition is urination not defecation (feces), filtration (kidney), or digestion (gut). This terms the voiding process, key for bladder function, contrasting with unrelated actions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proteinuria is excess protein in urine not glycosuria (glucose), hematuria (blood), or anuria (no urine). This identifies renal damage marker, key for diagnosis, contrasting with other findings.