In practical terms regarding genetic health care, nurses should be aware that:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, option C is the correct choice because providing emotional support to the family during genetic counseling is a crucial nursing function. Genetic health care involves complex information and decisions that can have profound emotional impacts on families. Nurses play a vital role in supporting families through the counseling process, helping them understand the information provided, cope with emotional reactions, and make informed decisions about genetic testing and treatment options. Option A is incorrect because genetic disorders do not affect people equally across socioeconomic backgrounds, races, and ethnic groups. Health disparities exist in access to genetic services and resources, leading to unequal outcomes for individuals with genetic conditions. Option B is also incorrect because genetic health care is focused on both populations and individuals. While population-based approaches are important for public health initiatives, individualized care and counseling are essential components of genetic health services. Option D is incorrect as well because taking genetic histories is not limited to large universities and medical centers. Nurses in various healthcare settings, including community clinics and primary care offices, routinely collect and assess genetic information to provide personalized care and education to patients and families. In an educational context, understanding the role of nurses in genetic health care and the importance of providing emotional support during genetic counseling can help students develop the necessary skills and knowledge to deliver compassionate and effective care to individuals and families facing genetic health challenges. It highlights the holistic approach to patient care and the critical role nurses play in supporting individuals through complex healthcare decisions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In fetal development, meconium is the first stool passed by a newborn and is typically a greenish-black, tarry substance. The correct answer is A) Fetal intestines. Meconium is formed in the fetal intestines as a result of the fetus swallowing and processing amniotic fluid. It accumulates in the intestines throughout gestation and is usually passed after birth. Option B) Fetal kidneys is incorrect because meconium is not produced by the kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering waste from the blood to form urine. Option C) Amniotic fluid is incorrect because meconium is not produced by the amniotic fluid itself. While the fetus swallows amniotic fluid, meconium is formed in the intestines. Option D) The placenta is incorrect because meconium is not produced by the placenta. The placenta is an organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and removes waste products. Understanding the origin of meconium is crucial for nurses caring for laboring women as the presence of meconium-stained amniotic fluid can indicate fetal distress and may require additional monitoring or interventions during labor and delivery. Being knowledgeable about fetal development helps healthcare providers provide optimal care for both the mother and the baby.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) 2:01. The L/S ratio, which stands for lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio, is an important marker used to assess fetal lung maturity. In the amniotic fluid, the presence of lecithin, a phospholipid produced by type II pneumocytes in the fetal lung, increases as the fetus matures. Sphingomyelin, another phospholipid, remains relatively constant. A ratio of 2:1 or higher indicates mature fetal lungs where surfactant production is sufficient to support gas exchange after birth. Thus, a higher L/S ratio reflects a lower risk of respiratory distress syndrome in the newborn. Now, let's analyze why the other options are incorrect: A) 1.4:1 - This ratio is lower than the ideal 2:1 ratio, indicating insufficient lung maturity. B) 1.8:1 - While closer to the ideal ratio, this value still falls short of the 2:1 benchmark for optimal lung maturity. D) 1:1 - This ratio suggests immature lungs with a higher risk of respiratory distress syndrome due to inadequate surfactant production. Understanding the L/S ratio is crucial for obstetricians, neonatologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in managing pregnancies and newborn care. It helps in predicting and preparing for potential respiratory complications in preterm infants. By grasping the significance of this ratio, healthcare providers can make informed decisions regarding the timing and management of deliveries to optimize neonatal outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) As one of its early functions, the placenta acts as an endocrine gland. This is because the placenta plays a crucial role in producing hormones that support the pregnancy by sustaining the uterine environment and supporting fetal development. Option A is incorrect because the placenta does not widen and thin to allow the passage of air and nutrients; its structure remains constant throughout pregnancy. Option C is incorrect because while the placenta acts as a barrier, it is not completely impermeable, and some harmful substances can pass through. Option D is incorrect because optimal blood circulation through the placenta is achieved when the woman is lying on her side rather than on her back or standing. Educationally, understanding the functions of the placenta is essential for maternity nurses to provide optimal care for pregnant women and their babies. Knowing how the placenta functions as an endocrine gland helps nurses monitor maternal and fetal well-being during pregnancy and identify any potential issues that may arise. This knowledge is crucial for promoting healthy pregnancy outcomes and providing comprehensive prenatal care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Within the next month, you should start to feel fluttering sensations. At 15 weeks of pregnancy, known as the second trimester, the fetus is actively moving, but the movements may not be strong or frequent enough for the mother to feel them. Typically, first-time mothers start feeling these movements, often described as flutters or bubbles, between 16 to 25 weeks of pregnancy. This sensation is known as "quickening." Option A is incorrect because it may cause unnecessary worry for the mother, as fetal movements are not always felt at 15 weeks. Option C is incorrect as it may confuse the mother into thinking that the baby is moving but she cannot feel it, which is not the case at this stage. Option D is incorrect because it generalizes fetal movement patterns, which can vary widely, and could lead to misinformation. Educationally, it is important for expectant mothers to have accurate information about fetal development to alleviate any unnecessary concerns and to foster a positive pregnancy experience. Understanding the timeline of fetal movements can help mothers bond with their babies and monitor their health throughout pregnancy.