In pediatric basic life support, how is airway opening achieved in a 5-year-old child with a car accident?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric basic life support, the correct way to achieve airway opening in a 5-year-old child with a car accident is through the jaw thrust maneuver, which is option D. The jaw thrust maneuver is preferred in cases of trauma to the head or neck, as it helps to maintain proper alignment of the cervical spine and reduces the risk of further injury. Option A, head tilt and chin lift with neck extended, is not the ideal choice in trauma situations as it can potentially worsen spinal injuries by moving the neck. Option B, head tilt and chin lift with neck neutral, may also not be the best choice in trauma cases as it does not provide the same level of protection to the cervical spine as the jaw thrust maneuver. Option C, abdominal thrust, is used to relieve choking in conscious individuals and is not relevant to opening the airway in a child involved in a car accident. Educationally, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to be well-versed in pediatric basic life support techniques to ensure proper care and support in emergency situations involving children. Understanding the rationale behind each technique and when to apply them is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: Acute epiglottitis is a serious condition that requires prompt recognition and intervention. Option A, "Fulminating course of high fever and drooling of saliva," is the correct answer because it accurately describes a classic presentation of acute epiglottitis in children. The rapid onset of high fever, severe sore throat, and drooling of saliva due to difficulty swallowing are hallmark signs of epiglottitis, indicating airway compromise. Option B, "Absence of toxic manifestations," is incorrect because acute epiglottitis typically presents with toxic manifestations such as high fever, respiratory distress, and drooling. The absence of such signs would be atypical for this condition. Option C, "The most common cause is para-influenza," is incorrect. While para-influenza virus can cause croup, a different upper airway condition, acute epiglottitis is commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacteria, especially in unvaccinated children. Option D, "Good response to nebulized adrenaline," is incorrect because the primary treatment for acute epiglottitis is securing the airway to prevent complete obstruction. Nebulized adrenaline may be used in croup to reduce airway inflammation but is not the mainstay of treatment for epiglottitis. In an educational context, understanding the key clinical features of acute epiglottitis is crucial for pediatric nurses to quickly recognize and intervene in a potentially life-threatening situation. Nurses must be prepared to initiate emergency protocols to secure the airway and provide appropriate treatment to stabilize the child's condition and prevent respiratory distress or failure. Clinical knowledge and rapid assessment skills are essential for pediatric nurses caring for children with acute respiratory conditions like epiglottitis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Steatorrhea, chronic chest symptoms, and failure to thrive. This is because cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the lungs and digestive system. The buildup of thick mucus in the lungs leads to chronic chest symptoms such as coughing and frequent lung infections. In the digestive system, the mucus can block the pancreas, leading to problems with digesting food and absorbing nutrients, resulting in steatorrhea (fatty stools) and failure to thrive. Option A is incorrect because meconium aspiration syndrome is a separate condition that can occur in newborns but is not directly related to cystic fibrosis. Option C is incorrect because hypernatremia (high sodium levels) is not a typical symptom of cystic fibrosis. Instead, patients with cystic fibrosis often experience salt depletion due to excessive sweating. Option D is incorrect because hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol levels) is not a common feature of cystic fibrosis. Patients with cystic fibrosis may actually have difficulty absorbing fats and fat-soluble vitamins due to pancreatic insufficiency. In an educational context, understanding the typical symptoms of cystic fibrosis is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, who may care for children with this condition. Recognizing these symptoms early can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for patients with cystic fibrosis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP), platelet transfusion is indicated when the platelet count falls below 10,000/mm3. Platelet transfusion is necessary at this level to prevent severe bleeding complications in patients with ITP. Platelet counts below 10,000/mm3 put individuals at a higher risk of spontaneous bleeding, especially in critical areas like the brain or gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, prompt intervention with platelet transfusion is crucial to manage these risks. The other options (B) 30,000/mm3, (C) 40,000/mm3, and (D) 50,000/mm3 are incorrect in the context of ITP management. Platelet transfusion is not typically recommended at these higher platelet count levels in ITP because the main issue in ITP is the destruction of platelets rather than a low production of platelets. Transfusing platelets unnecessarily at higher counts can lead to potential risks like transfusion reactions and alloimmunization without providing significant clinical benefits. This question is important for pediatric nurses as they care for children with ITP who may require platelet transfusions. Understanding the appropriate indications for platelet transfusion based on platelet count levels is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients with ITP. It highlights the importance of evidence-based practice and tailored interventions in pediatric hematology to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In cases of bicarbonate loss in urine, the compensatory mechanism that occurs is hyperventilation, as indicated by option C. When bicarbonate is lost in the urine, the body tries to maintain acid-base balance by increasing ventilation to blow off carbon dioxide, which helps to decrease acidity in the blood. Option A, extracellular shift of potassium, is not the correct answer because it does not directly relate to compensating for bicarbonate loss. Potassium shifts are more commonly seen in conditions like metabolic alkalosis. Option B, reduction in urine output, is not the correct answer either. While changes in urine output can occur in response to various conditions, it is not the compensatory mechanism for bicarbonate loss in urine. Option D, loss of organic acids in urine, is also incorrect. This choice does not address the specific compensatory mechanism needed to balance bicarbonate loss. In an educational context, understanding the compensatory mechanisms in acid-base imbalances is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide effective care for children with various health conditions. By knowing how the body responds to disturbances in acid-base balance, nurses can monitor patients effectively, intervene promptly, and collaborate with the healthcare team to restore equilibrium. This knowledge ensures optimal patient outcomes and safety in pediatric healthcare settings.