In our culturally diverse society, barriers to health care result from:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Prejudice can lead to discrimination in healthcare access. Different socioeconomic status can limit affordability of healthcare services. Differences in language can hinder effective communication and understanding of healthcare information. All three factors contribute to barriers in healthcare access, affecting individuals from diverse backgrounds. By selecting D, we acknowledge the multifaceted nature of barriers to healthcare in a culturally diverse society.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because managers always have legitimate power. This is due to their formal position within an organization, giving them the authority to make decisions, allocate resources, and direct the work of subordinates. This power is typically designated by the organization's hierarchy and structure. Choice A is incorrect because leaders can possess different types of power, such as referent or expert power, not just legitimate power. Choice B is incorrect because while leaders and managers have distinct roles, some individuals can excel in both capacities. Choice C is incorrect because managers are expected to exhibit leadership qualities in addition to their managerial responsibilities.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Restraining force. In this scenario, the supervisor's actions of restricting communication act as a restraining force, hindering the flow of information and causing conflicting directions among the staff. A restraining force limits the ability of individuals or groups to achieve their goals by imposing obstacles or constraints. Opposing force (A) implies a force in direct opposition, which is not the case here. Driving force (B) typically motivates action rather than restricts it. Restrictive force (D) is similar to restraining force but lacks the specific connotation of limiting communication in this context.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Complete an incident report. This is the next step to document the error and ensure proper follow-up. It helps in analyzing the root cause, implementing preventive measures, and ensures transparency in patient care. Notifying the family (A) can wait until the situation is under control. Disciplining the previous nurse (B) should not be the immediate focus and may come after a thorough investigation. Obtaining legal consultation (D) is premature and should only be considered if the incident escalates to a legal issue.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Discover the underlying causes of an error. Root cause analysis aims to identify the fundamental reason(s) contributing to an issue, allowing for effective solutions. It focuses on understanding the core factors leading to an error rather than blaming individuals (A, B) or assessing policy effectiveness (D). By conducting RCA, organizations can prevent recurrence and improve processes.