In most regions of the GI tract, smooth muscle fibres of the muscularis are arranged into:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because in most regions of the GI tract, the smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis layer are arranged with circular muscle fibers in the inner layer followed by longitudinal muscle fibers in the outer layer. This arrangement allows for peristalsis, the coordinated and rhythmic contractions that move food along the digestive tract. Circular muscles constrict the lumen of the tract, while longitudinal muscles shorten or lengthen the organ. This arrangement is crucial for efficient digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not follow the typical arrangement of smooth muscle fibers in the GI tract. Choice B reverses the order of the muscle layers, which would disrupt peristalsis. Choice C is vague and does not provide a specific and accurate description of the muscle arrangement. Choice D includes the serosa layer, which is not part of the muscularis layer where the smooth muscle fibers are located.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Surgical incision is healing normally. This is the best indicator of adequate nutrition post-abdominal surgery in a malnourished patient receiving PN. Adequate nutrition supports wound healing, so a normally healing incision indicates sufficient protein and calories for tissue repair. Other choices are incorrect because: A) Serum albumin level may take longer to reflect changes in nutrition status, B) Fluid balance does not directly reflect nutritional status, and C) Incomplete answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Alcohol use. Alcohol is a significant risk factor for acute pancreatitis as it can lead to inflammation and damage to the pancreas. The nurse will specifically ask about alcohol use to assess the potential cause of the pancreatitis. Diabetes (A), high-protein diet (C), and cigarette smoking (D) are not typically primary risk factors for acute pancreatitis, although smoking may exacerbate existing conditions. Therefore, the nurse's focus should be on identifying alcohol use as it directly correlates with the development of acute pancreatitis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale: 1. Tonsils are lymphoid tissues located in the oral and nasal pharynx, and the root of the tongue. 2. The frenulum is a small fold of tissue under the tongue, not known to contain tonsils. 3. Therefore, the area around the frenulum does not contain tonsils. Summary: A is correct because tonsils are not found around the frenulum. B, C, and D are incorrect as they are known locations of tonsils in the oral and nasal pharynx and the root of the tongue.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: cholecystokinin. It is a hormone released by the small intestine in response to the presence of fat and protein in the digestive tract. Cholecystokinin plays a role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Trypsin, ribonuclease, and chymotrypsinogen are enzymes involved in digestion, not hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands and released into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes in the body.