In kidney segmental artery divides into ;

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Segmental artery splits into ~5 lobar arteries, not 6, 8, or 7. This quantifies renal supply, critical for blood flow, contrasting with variable counts.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nephron (filtration to excretion) is the functional unit, not glomerulus (part), corpuscle (subset), or calyx (collecting). This defines renal unit, key for physiology, contrasting with components.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Renal papilla is the pyramid apex draining into calyces, not calyx or pelvis. This specifies medullary tip, key for urine collection, contrasting with collecting structures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Male cystitis treatment with Augmentin/trimethoprim for 14 days is excessive 7 days suffices (e.g., complicated UTI risk higher, but not this long), inappropriate. Trimethoprim 3 days for female cystitis standard, short-course. Pyelonephritis with IV gentamicin/amoxicillin then 7-day Augmentin reasonable step-down. Nitrofurantoin in pregnancy (dose likely typo, 50-100 mg typical) for 7-14 days acceptable. Male duration overreach distinguishes it, key to guideline-based therapy, unlike appropriate regimens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cyclosporine toxicity is common, not rare narrow therapeutic window, unpredictable levels (e.g., nephrotoxicity), incorrect. Identical twins need no immunosuppression genetic match, true. Rejection symptoms (tenderness, oliguria, creatinine rise) classic, accurate. Infection's early dominance (80% in year 1) correct. Toxicity's frequency distinguishes the error, critical for transplant management, unlike true donor, rejection, or infection statements.