In infants, inferences about vision may be made by physical examination of the eye and assessment of

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In infants, inferences about vision may be made by physical examination of the eye and assessment of personal-social development. The correct answer is D) personal-social. The personal-social domain in infants includes behaviors related to interactions with others, such as eye contact, social smiling, and following faces. By observing an infant's personal-social behaviors, healthcare providers can gain insights into the infant's visual development. Lack of appropriate personal-social behaviors may indicate potential vision problems that require further evaluation. Option A) language, Option B) intelligence, and Option C) gross motor are incorrect because they do not directly correlate with assessing vision in infants. While language, intelligence, and gross motor skills are important aspects of infant development, they do not provide specific insights into vision assessment. Educationally, understanding how to assess vision in infants is crucial for healthcare providers working in pediatric settings. By recognizing the importance of personal-social behaviors in evaluating vision, healthcare professionals can identify potential visual impairments early and initiate appropriate interventions to support optimal visual development in infants.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) have the mother administer water or milk and bring the child in for esophagoscopy. In cases of ingestion of a caustic substance like drain cleaner, immediate dilution with water or milk is crucial to minimize damage to the esophagus and stomach. Bringing the child in for esophagoscopy allows for direct visualization of the extent of injury and appropriate treatment. Option A is incorrect because citrus juices can worsen the damage by causing further irritation. Option B is incorrect as waiting for 2 hours can lead to more severe consequences from the caustic substance. Option D is incorrect as bitter taste does not indicate the absence of harm from ingestion. In pediatric nursing, it is vital to act swiftly and correctly in cases of poisoning to prevent long-term complications. Understanding the appropriate interventions for different types of ingestions is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers to ensure the best outcomes for the child's health and well-being.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding teratogens is crucial as they are agents that can cause birth defects in developing fetuses. In this question, the correct answer is D) hypothermia. Hypothermia is not a recognizable teratogen in the traditional sense. While extreme cold temperatures can have negative effects on fetal health, hypothermia itself is not typically classified as a teratogen. A) Ethanol is a well-known teratogen and exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. B) Antiepileptic medications can also be teratogenic and may pose risks to the developing fetus. C) Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and contracting this infection during pregnancy can result in congenital toxoplasmosis, which can have serious consequences for the fetus. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be able to identify teratogens and understand their potential impact on fetal development. By knowing which substances or factors are teratogenic, nurses can educate pregnant women on how to avoid exposure and promote a healthy environment for fetal growth and development. Understanding teratogens also enables nurses to provide appropriate care and support to mothers and infants who may have been exposed to these harmful agents.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) sleep-onset association disorder. This disorder is characterized by a baby needing a specific condition, in this case being rocked, to fall asleep. This association can disrupt the baby's ability to self-soothe and fall asleep independently. Option A) early signs of ADHD is incorrect because needing to be rocked to sleep is not a recognized early sign of ADHD in a 4-month-old infant. ADHD typically presents with symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which are not related to sleep behaviors. Option B) primary restless legs syndrome is incorrect as this condition is more commonly seen in older children or adults and is characterized by uncomfortable sensations in the legs that worsen at rest, not specifically related to needing to be rocked to sleep. Option C) sleep terrors is incorrect as this disorder involves partial awakening during non-REM sleep with intense fear or agitation, usually occurring in older children, not typically in infants who need to be rocked to sleep. Educationally, understanding common sleep disorders in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers working with infants and young children. Recognizing sleep-onset association disorder can help caregivers implement appropriate sleep training techniques to promote healthy sleep habits in infants, leading to better overall sleep quality and development.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this pediatric nursing practice question, the correct answer is D) hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is not a common risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea in children. The thyroid condition does not directly impact the upper airway structures or functions that lead to obstructive sleep apnea. A) Hypotonia is a risk factor as decreased muscle tone can contribute to airway collapse during sleep, leading to obstructive sleep apnea. B) Developmental delay can be a risk factor as it may include structural anomalies or conditions that affect airway patency, increasing the likelihood of obstructive sleep apnea. C) Central adiposity, or excess fat around the neck and throat area, can contribute to airway narrowing and obstruction during sleep, predisposing individuals to obstructive sleep apnea. Educational Context: Understanding risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for children with this condition. By knowing which factors can contribute to obstructive sleep apnea, nurses can provide targeted interventions and education to support optimal respiratory health in pediatric patients. This knowledge helps in early identification, management, and prevention of complications associated with obstructive sleep apnea in children.