In infants and children, the side effects of first-generation over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and hydroxyzine (Atarax) include:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: First-generation antihistamines can cause paradoxical central nervous system (CNS) stimulation in children, leading to hyperactivity, agitation, and insomnia. This is contrary to their sedative effects in adults. Reye's syndrome is associated with aspirin, not antihistamines. Cholinergic effects and gastrointestinal symptoms are less common in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Propranolol is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as beta blockers. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the stress hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline on the beta receptors in the body. By blocking these receptors, propranolol helps to reduce heart rate, blood pressure, and the workload on the heart, making it effective in the treatment of conditions such as high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart rhythm disorders.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fluorouracil, an antimetabolite chemotherapy drug, can cause myelosuppression, leading to a decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia). Bleeding gums is a sign of low platelet counts and potential bleeding risk, which can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly. Nausea, decreased appetite, and constipation are common side effects of chemotherapy but are not as urgent as bleeding gums, which indicates a potential hematologic emergency. The nurse should report this symptom immediately to the healthcare provider for further evaluation and intervention, such as platelet transfusion or dose adjustment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Furosemide belongs to the therapeutic class of diuretics. Diuretics are medications that promote diuresis, which is the increased production of urine. Furosemide specifically belongs to the loop diuretic class, working by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle in the kidney, leading to increased excretion of water and electrolytes. This mechanism makes it a commonly used medication for conditions such as congestive heart failure, edema, and hypertension.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The drug classes considered first-line treatments for heart failure include Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and Beta blockers.