In infantile eczema:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In infantile eczema, the correct answer is B) The papules are itchy. Eczema in infants typically presents with itchy papules, which can lead to discomfort and distress for the child. It is crucial for healthcare providers to recognize this symptom to provide appropriate management and relief for the infant. Option A) The rash is characteristically present at birth is incorrect because infantile eczema usually develops after birth, commonly appearing in the first few months of life. Option C) Cold weather relieves the symptoms is incorrect as eczema tends to worsen in cold, dry weather due to increased skin dryness and irritation. Option D) A family history of related disorders is elicited in 70% of cases is incorrect as a family history of atopic conditions may be present in some cases, but it is not a defining characteristic of infantile eczema. Educational context: Understanding the clinical presentation and characteristics of infantile eczema is essential for pediatric nurses to provide effective care, educate parents on symptom management, and collaborate with healthcare providers to develop appropriate treatment plans for infants with eczema. Recognizing the itchy papules as a key symptom can guide healthcare providers in addressing the infant's discomfort and promoting skin health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding bronchiolitis is crucial as it is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. The correct statement, "Up to 50% of patients continue to wheeze after recovery," is true because bronchiolitis can lead to airway remodeling, causing ongoing respiratory symptoms like wheezing even after the acute phase has resolved. Option B is incorrect because the typical pathogen causing bronchiolitis is respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), not para-influenza virus. Option C is incorrect as corticosteroid therapy is not recommended for bronchiolitis treatment due to lack of proven benefit and potential side effects. Option D is incorrect as tachypnea in bronchiolitis can vary in severity and is not always present in all cases. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the clinical features and management of bronchiolitis in pediatric patients. Understanding the long-term effects and appropriate treatment options for bronchiolitis is essential for pediatric nurses to provide optimal care and support for children and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding encephalitis is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer is D) Herpes simplex encephalitis predominantly affects the temporal lobe. This is because herpes simplex encephalitis commonly presents with temporal lobe involvement, leading to symptoms like altered mental status and focal neurologic deficits. Option A) is incorrect because herpes simplex encephalitis actually has a poor prognosis if not promptly treated with antiviral medications. Option B) is incorrect as Varicella zoster virus encephalitis typically affects the frontal and temporal lobes, not predominantly cerebellar. Option C) is incorrect as mumps encephalitis is associated with complications like aseptic meningitis but not typically unilateral nerve deafness. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of different types of encephalitis is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the unique features of each type can aid in early identification, appropriate treatment, and better outcomes for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Azathioprine is a prodrug, which means it is converted in the body into its active form, 6-mercaptopurine. This active metabolite exerts its immunosuppressive effects by interfering with DNA synthesis, making it an important drug in the management of various autoimmune conditions, including pediatric cardiovascular disorders like Kawasaki disease. Option B, stating that azathioprine is teratogenic, is incorrect. While azathioprine is classified as Pregnancy Category D due to potential risks, teratogenicity is not a primary concern. It should be used cautiously in pregnancy, but its benefits may outweigh the risks in certain situations. Option C, suggesting that azathioprine should be avoided in liver disease, is also incorrect. Azathioprine is primarily metabolized by the liver, so dose adjustments may be necessary in patients with liver dysfunction, but it is not an absolute contraindication. Option D, indicating that the dose of azathioprine should be increased when given with allopurinol, is incorrect. Allopurinol can inhibit the metabolism of azathioprine, leading to increased levels of the active metabolite and potential toxicity. Therefore, the dose of azathioprine should be decreased when used concomitantly with allopurinol. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacology of azathioprine is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children with cardiovascular disorders requiring immunosuppressive therapy. Knowing that azathioprine is a prodrug helps nurses understand its mechanism of action and potential adverse effects, guiding safe and effective medication administration.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding pharmacological principles is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In the context of cardiovascular disorders, it is important to be aware of potential side effects of medications. The correct answer is B) Salbutamol. Salbutamol is a beta2-adrenergic agonist commonly used to treat bronchoconstriction in conditions like asthma. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, which helps to alleviate bronchoconstriction and improve breathing. A) Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure. While it can cause side effects like cough and angioedema, bronchoconstriction is not a recognized side effect. C) Ibuprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) commonly used for pain and inflammation. Bronchoconstriction is not a common side effect of ibuprofen. D) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a medication used for pain and fever. It is not known to cause bronchoconstriction. Educationally, understanding the specific side effects of medications is vital for pediatric nurses to provide safe care to their patients. Recognizing potential adverse reactions allows for prompt intervention and prevention of complications, ensuring the well-being of pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.