In immune response mechanism clonal selection is a process in which:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because in immune response mechanism, clonal selection refers to the process where lymphocytes (T and B cells) proliferate and differentiate in response to a specific antigen. This process ensures that the immune system can effectively target and eliminate pathogens. Option A is incorrect because clonal selection does not refer to identifying a specific type of clone cell line in cell culture. Option C is incorrect because clonal selection does not involve cloning a specific gene by inserting it into bacteria using recombinant DNA technology. Option D is incorrect because clonal selection is not about selecting an appropriate cell type for cloning purposes. In summary, the correct answer, option B, best describes the process of clonal selection in the context of the immune response mechanism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Consult physician to confirm the dosage to be given. The nurse should consult the physician because missing three appointments may affect the patient's progress and tolerance to the allergen injections. The physician needs to reassess the situation and determine the appropriate action, which may involve adjusting the dosage or reevaluating the treatment plan. This ensures patient safety and effectiveness of the treatment. Summary: B: Administering the same dosage as the last visit may not be appropriate without physician consultation. C: Administering the dosage as originally prescribed may not account for any changes in the patient's condition. D: Restarting the entire immunotherapy schedule is an extreme measure and should only be considered after consultation with the physician.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Phagocytosis is a process where cells engulf and digest particles. Archaea lack membrane-bound organelles, including phagosomes, making phagocytosis impossible. Protozoans, algae, and fungi have the necessary cellular structures for phagocytosis. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Protozoans, algae, and fungi can perform phagocytosis due to their cellular structure and function, making choices A, B, and C incorrect.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: oxylabile anaerobes. These organisms cannot survive in the presence of oxygen and are sensitive to oxygen radicals. Superoxide dismutase is essential for organisms that are exposed to oxygen, as it helps convert harmful oxygen radicals into less harmful peroxides. Therefore, organisms that lack this enzyme, like oxylabile anaerobes, would not be able to detoxify oxygen radicals and would not survive in aerobic environments. A: Aerobes have superoxide dismutase to protect against oxygen radicals. B: Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and would benefit from having superoxide dismutase. C: Oxyduric anaerobes are resistant to oxygen and can still benefit from superoxide dismutase for detoxification.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: cell walls. Microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, do not have mitochondria or chloroplasts. ATP synthesis in microorganisms primarily occurs in the cell walls through processes like glycolysis and fermentation. Cytoplasmic membranes are involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells, not cell walls. Chloroplasts are only present in photosynthetic organisms, not in microorganisms.