In IMCI, severe conditions generally require urgent referral to a hospital. Which of the following severe conditions Does not always require urgent referral to hospital?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why answer A is correct: 1. Mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid bone behind the ear. 2. Severe mastoiditis may require hospitalization but not always urgent. 3. Other options like severe dehydration, pneumonia, and febrile disease usually need urgent hospital referral. Summary: Mastoiditis may not always necessitate immediate hospital referral compared to the other severe conditions listed.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Measles. Measles is an airborne disease caused by a virus that spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This mode of transmission makes it highly contagious. Viral conjunctivitis (A) is spread through direct contact with eye secretions, not airborne. Acute poliomyelitis (B) is transmitted through contaminated food and water, not airborne. Diphtheria (C) is spread through respiratory droplets, but it is primarily transmitted through close physical contact, not solely by airborne transmission like measles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Zooprophylaxis. Larvivorous fish are used in malaria control through zooprophylaxis, which involves using animals to reduce disease transmission. These fish feed on mosquito larvae, hence reducing the mosquito population and decreasing the spread of malaria. Stream seeding (A) involves introducing plant seeds into streams, not fish. Stream clearing (B) focuses on removing debris and obstacles from streams, not using fish. Destruction of breeding places (C) involves eliminating stagnant water sources where mosquitoes breed, not using larvivorous fish. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it directly relates to the use of larvivorous fish in malaria control.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cholera. The key indicators are severe diarrhea and passage of "rice water" stool, which is characteristic of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera results in profuse watery diarrhea leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Giardiasis (A) presents with foul-smelling diarrhea, amebiasis (C) causes bloody diarrhea, and dysentery (D) is associated with mucus and blood in stool, none of which match the presentation in this case.

Correct Answer:

Rationale: Correct Answer: C: Hepatitis A Rationale: 1. The client waded in flood waters, which can expose him to contaminated water sources. 2. Hepatitis A is commonly transmitted through contaminated water or food. 3. Symptoms typically appear 2-6 weeks after exposure, aligning with the client's history. 4. Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through blood or sexual contact, not water exposure. Summary: - Choice A is incomplete and nonsensical. - Choice B is incorrect as hepatitis A is more likely due to water exposure. - Choice D is incorrect as hepatitis B is not typically associated with water exposure.