In gerontological nursing, what is the most important factor in assessing the risk for elder abuse?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Cognitive decline or dementia. Elder abuse risk assessment in gerontological nursing involves considering cognitive decline or dementia as the most important factor. This is because individuals with cognitive impairments are more vulnerable and may have difficulty recognizing and reporting abuse. Family history of violence (A), history of physical ailments (C), and medication regimen (D) are important factors to consider but do not directly impact the elder abuse risk assessment as significantly as cognitive decline or dementia.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medications and polypharmacy. In older adults, incontinence is commonly caused by medications that affect bladder control, such as diuretics, sedatives, and anticholinergics. Polypharmacy can worsen this by increasing the likelihood of drug interactions. Chronic urinary tract infections (A) can cause incontinence but are less common in older adults. Neurological disorders (B) like dementia or stroke can also lead to incontinence but are not the most common cause. Poor hydration (D) can exacerbate incontinence but is not the primary cause.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because regular physical activity and joint mobility exercises help improve joint flexibility, reduce pain, and increase strength. This intervention can enhance overall physical function and quality of life for older adults with arthritis. Complete bed rest (A) can lead to muscle weakness and joint stiffness, worsening arthritis symptoms. Increased use of opioid painkillers (C) can have adverse side effects and may not address the root cause of arthritis. Strictly limiting daily activities (D) can lead to decreased mobility and functional decline in older adults.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Low calcium intake. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones, making them more susceptible to fractures. Calcium is essential for bone health, and a low intake can lead to decreased bone density and increased risk of osteoporosis. Physical activity, while beneficial for overall health, is not a significant risk factor for osteoporosis. High alcohol consumption can contribute to bone loss but is not as significant as low calcium intake. Genetics play a role in predisposing individuals to osteoporosis, but it is not a modifiable risk factor like low calcium intake. Thus, B is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ensuring early mobilization and reorientation. Delirium in hospitalized older adults is often caused by factors like immobility and disorientation. Early mobilization helps maintain physical and cognitive function, reducing the risk of delirium. Reorientation techniques help patients stay connected to reality, preventing confusion. Limiting visitors (A) can lead to social isolation, exacerbating delirium. Reducing physical restraints (B) is important but not as effective as promoting mobility. Providing a calm environment (C) is beneficial but may not address the underlying causes of delirium.