In fetal period, all are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the fetal period, the correct statement is that recognizable external genitalia are not fully formed by 12 weeks, which makes option B the correct answer. The development of external genitalia occurs later in gestation. Option A is true because the return of midgut to the abdomen does occur by 10 weeks. Option C is also accurate as surfactant production, crucial for lung function, typically begins around 24 weeks. Option D is correct as well, as the tripling of weight usually occurs during the third trimester as the fetus grows rapidly. Understanding the developmental milestones in the fetal period is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers. Knowing the timing of different processes helps in assessing fetal development and identifying any potential issues. By understanding these concepts, healthcare professionals can provide better care for pregnant women and their babies.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Diphtheria. Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The grayish white membrane seen in the throat is a classic hallmark of diphtheria. This membrane is tightly adherent and can cause bleeding if attempted to be removed. A) Acute Follicular tonsillitis typically presents with inflamed and enlarged tonsils with pus-filled pockets, not with a grayish white membrane. C) Herpetic infection would present with vesicles or ulcers in the throat and is usually painful, unlike the description given in the question. D) Infectious mononucleosis is characterized by symptoms like fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes, but it does not typically cause the formation of a grayish white membrane in the throat. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations, to be able to recognize the classic presentations of various diseases. Understanding the key clinical features of diphtheria, such as the characteristic membrane formation in the throat, is essential for making an accurate diagnosis and initiating appropriate treatment promptly, which can be life-saving in cases of diphtheria.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) 24 lb 6 oz. The expected weight of a child can be estimated using the rule of doubling the birth weight by 6 months and tripling it by 1 year. Given that the baby weighed 8 lb 2 oz at birth, we can calculate the expected weight at 12 months by tripling the birth weight. A) 16 lb 4 oz: This option is incorrect because it only doubles the birth weight, whereas by 12 months, the weight is expected to triple. B) 20 lb 5 oz: This option is incorrect as it does not accurately reflect the expected weight gain of a child by 12 months. D) 32 lb 8 oz: This option is incorrect as it overestimates the weight gain of the child by 12 months based on the rule of tripling the birth weight. Educationally, understanding expected growth patterns in pediatric patients is crucial for healthcare providers to monitor their development accurately. By knowing these milestones, nurses can identify any deviations from the norm and intervene early if necessary to ensure optimal growth and development for the child. This knowledge is essential for providing holistic and effective pediatric care.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Only the affected kidney will be removed. In the case of a child with Wilms tumor, which is a type of kidney cancer typically found in children, the standard treatment involves surgical removal of the affected kidney while preserving the healthy kidney whenever possible. This approach aims to effectively treat the cancer while maintaining kidney function and reducing the risk of complications like renal failure. Option B) Both kidneys will be removed is incorrect because removing both kidneys would result in complete loss of kidney function, leading to the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation to sustain life. This is an extreme measure reserved for specific conditions where both kidneys are severely compromised. Option C) Only the tumor mass will be excised is incorrect as Wilms tumor treatment typically involves removing the entire affected kidney to ensure complete removal of the cancerous tissue and reduce the risk of recurrence. Option D) The tumor is removed, and a biopsy of the unaffected kidney is done is also incorrect because in the case of Wilms tumor, the focus of surgery is on removing the affected kidney rather than performing a biopsy on the healthy kidney. Biopsies are usually done on suspicious tissues to confirm a diagnosis, not on healthy organs. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate surgical approach for Wilms tumor is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. This knowledge ensures the best possible outcome for the child by following evidence-based treatment guidelines and preserving renal function whenever feasible. It also highlights the importance of tailored treatment plans based on the specific diagnosis and individual patient needs in pediatric oncology.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In a child with hepatitis, it is crucial to offer easily digestible and gentle foods to prevent further stress on the liver. Option B, clear liquids such as broth and Jell-O, is the most appropriate choice because these foods are light, easily digestible, and provide hydration without overloading the liver. Broth is rich in nutrients and helps maintain electrolyte balance, while Jell-O provides a source of energy without being too heavy. Option A, a tuna sandwich on whole-wheat bread and skim milk, may be too heavy and difficult to digest for a child with hepatitis. The protein in tuna and the fat in milk could strain the liver, which is already compromised due to hepatitis. Option C, a hamburger, French fries, and a diet soda, is high in fat, salt, and processed ingredients, which can be challenging for the liver to process and may exacerbate symptoms of hepatitis. Option D, a peanut butter sandwich and a milkshake, contains high-fat foods that may be difficult for a liver with hepatitis to metabolize. The rich content in peanut butter and milkshake can be taxing on the liver and should be avoided. Educationally, it is important for healthcare providers and caregivers to understand the dietary considerations for children with hepatitis to support the liver's recovery and overall health. Providing appropriate foods can help manage symptoms, promote healing, and prevent further complications in pediatric patients with hepatitis.