In fetal period, all are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the fetal period of development, various key milestones occur as the baby grows and matures in the womb. In this question, the correct answer is D) 26 weeks - face clearly recognizable. This is because by around 26 weeks gestation, the baby's facial features have developed significantly, making the face clearly recognizable on ultrasound imaging or to the naked eye in some cases. Option A) 10 weeks - midgut returns to abdomen is true as it is a normal developmental process where the midgut, initially located outside the abdomen, returns to the abdominal cavity during this period. Option B) 12 weeks - external genitalia formed is also true, as by around 12 weeks gestation, the external genitalia of the baby have typically formed, though it may not yet be distinguishable on ultrasound. Option C) 24 weeks - surfactant production begun is also accurate. Surfactant production in the lungs begins around 24 weeks gestation and is crucial for the baby's lung development and function. Understanding these fetal developmental milestones is essential in pediatric nursing as it helps healthcare providers monitor the progress of the fetus, identify any potential issues or abnormalities, and provide appropriate care and interventions to support optimal growth and development. Being able to recognize these milestones can also aid in identifying any deviations from normal development that may require further evaluation or intervention.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In understanding the gross motor skills development in a 2-year-old child, it is crucial to recognize the expected milestones for this age group. The correct answer, option C, which states "walk up and down stairs," aligns with the typical gross motor skills of a 2-year-old. At this age, children are usually able to navigate stairs with assistance, showcasing their developing mobility and coordination. Option A, "heel-toe walk," is not typically expected in a 2-year-old as this skill requires more advanced balance and muscle control which may not be fully developed at this age. Option B, "balance on each foot for 6 seconds," also exceeds the typical capabilities of a 2-year-old in terms of balance and stability. Option D, "balance well on each foot," is too advanced for a 2-year-old to accomplish confidently and consistently. Educationally, understanding the expected gross motor skills of children at different developmental stages is vital for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. By recognizing these milestones, healthcare professionals can assess a child's physical development, provide appropriate interventions if needed, and offer guidance to parents on supporting their child's motor skill development.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Plasma cholinesterase level. The child's presentation with pinpoint pupils, salivation, and muscular fasciculations is indicative of organophosphate poisoning, commonly found in insecticides like malathion. Testing plasma cholinesterase levels is crucial as organophosphates inhibit this enzyme, leading to the symptoms observed. Option A) Blood-lead level is incorrect as lead poisoning presents differently with symptoms like anemia, abdominal pain, and cognitive deficits. Option B) 24-hour urine mercury level is irrelevant in this case as mercury poisoning manifests with symptoms like tremors, gingivitis, and hypertension. Option D) Urine malathion level is unnecessary as the symptoms already suggest organophosphate poisoning without the need for specific malathion level testing. In an educational context, understanding the significance of specific diagnostic tests based on clinical presentations is crucial for pediatric nurses. This case emphasizes the importance of recognizing poisoning symptoms, linking them to possible exposures, and selecting appropriate diagnostic tests to confirm diagnoses accurately for prompt treatment initiation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding developmental milestones is crucial as it helps assess a child's growth and identify any potential delays. The correct answer to the question is option C) 36 months. At 36 months, a child typically demonstrates the fine motor skills necessary to make a tower of 9 cubes and imitate a circular stroke. This ability signifies the child's cognitive and motor development, including hand-eye coordination and manual dexterity. Option A) 24 months is too early for a child to exhibit this level of fine motor skill and cognitive development. Option B) 30 months might still be early for most children to accurately perform these tasks consistently. Option D) 42 months is later than the typical age at which children can achieve these skills. Educationally, understanding these milestones helps nurses and healthcare providers assess a child's progress, intervene early if delays are detected, and provide appropriate developmental support. It also aids in educating parents about what to expect at different stages of their child's growth and development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, option B is the correct answer because a positive result from HIV antibody testing using finger stick, venipuncture, or oral fluid does need confirmation by Western blot analysis or immunofluorescence assay to confirm the diagnosis of HIV infection. Option A is incorrect because although these tests are generally simple and accurate, there is always a possibility of erroneous results depending on various factors such as sample collection, handling, or testing errors. Option C is incorrect because while these testing methods do allow for early detection and implementation of antiretroviral therapy to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, they do not specifically target women who are unaware of their HIV status. Option D is incorrect as well because while early detection and treatment can significantly reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission, these testing methods alone do not solely determine the reduction in transmission risk. From an educational standpoint, understanding the limitations and requirements of HIV testing procedures is crucial for healthcare providers to provide accurate diagnosis and appropriate care for patients, especially in the case of mother-to-child transmission prevention. It highlights the importance of confirming positive results and implementing comprehensive strategies to address HIV transmission risks effectively.