ATI RN
Review System for Neurological Questions Questions
Question 1 of 5
In evolutionary terms, which is the oldest part of the brain?
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The brainstem is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms, as it is responsible for basic life-sustaining functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It includes structures like the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain. The brainstem has been conserved throughout evolution and is present in all vertebrates, making it a fundamental component of the central nervous system. In contrast, the cortex and limbic system evolved later and are more developed in higher mammals.
Question 2 of 5
Often the first signs of neurological disorders are deficits in basic cognitive functions and also deficits in skills that involve problem-solving, planning and engaging in goal-directed behaviour. These types of functions are known as
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Executive functions are higher-order cognitive processes that enable individuals to plan, focus attention, remember instructions, and juggle multiple tasks successfully. These functions are primarily associated with the prefrontal cortex and are crucial for goal-directed behavior, problem-solving, and self-regulation. Deficits in executive functioning are often early indicators of neurological disorders, as they impact an individual's ability to manage daily activities and adapt to new situations.
Question 3 of 5
The diagnostic manual used by clinicians called DSM-IV-TR identifies two broader diagnostic syndromes into which many neurological disorders fall. Dementia is one which is characterised by which of the following:
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Dementia is a neurological syndrome characterized by the progressive decline of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to perform daily activities. It is often accompanied by changes in mood, behavior, and personality. Dementia can result from various causes, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, or traumatic brain injury, and it significantly impacts an individual's quality of life and independence.
Question 4 of 5
Apraxia involves an inability to undertake learned and purposeful activities such as dressing, cooking etc., and means that sufferers must rely increasingly on caregivers to help with these activities. Limb apraxia is a common symptom of left hemisphere damage and consists of a deficit in performing gestures to verbal command or imitation. One form of rehabilitation training for limb apraxia is:
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Gestural training is a rehabilitation technique used to improve limb apraxia, a condition characterized by difficulty in performing purposeful movements. This training involves teaching individuals to recognize and execute appropriate gestures and postures, enhancing their ability to perform daily activities. By focusing on the coordination of movements and the context in which they are used, gestural training helps individuals regain functional independence and reduce reliance on caregivers.
Question 5 of 5
The resting potential indicates that the inside of the neuron is ________ compared to the outside.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The resting potential of a neuron, typically around -65mV, indicates that the inside of the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside. This charge difference is maintained by the sodium-potassium pump and the selective permeability of the cell membrane to ions. The resting potential is essential for the neuron's ability to generate and transmit nerve impulses, as it provides the electrical gradient necessary for action potentials.