In embryonic period, all are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the embryonic period, the correct answer is D) formation of human embryo is about 6 weeks. This is because by the end of the 6th week of gestation, the human embryo has developed significantly, with major organ systems beginning to form. The incorrect options are A) formation of ectoderm by 8 days, B) formation of mesoderm by 10 weeks, and C) formation of endoderm by 3 cm crown-rump length. Option A is incorrect because the ectoderm is actually formed around day 16 post-fertilization, not by 8 days. Option B is incorrect because mesoderm formation occurs much earlier, around day 17 post-fertilization, not by 10 weeks. Option C is incorrect because the endoderm is formed around day 17 post-fertilization, not at 3 cm crown-rump length. Understanding the timeline of embryonic development is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics. Knowing when each germ layer forms helps in understanding the basis of organ development and potential congenital abnormalities. This knowledge is essential for providing quality care to pediatric patients and assessing any developmental issues that may arise.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis for the 6-month-old boy presenting with respiratory distress, feeding difficulty, a heart rate of 130/min, and a pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). Ventricular septal defects are common congenital heart defects where there is an abnormal opening between the ventricles, leading to a left-to-right shunt and causing symptoms such as respiratory distress and feeding difficulties. The pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border is characteristic of VSD due to the turbulent blood flow across the defect. Option A, Mitral regurgitation, and option B, Mitral valve prolapse, are less likely in infants and are not typically associated with the symptoms described. Option D, Coarctation of the aorta, presents with hypertension in the upper extremities and weak pulses in the lower extremities, which are not seen in this case. Educationally, understanding the clinical presentation and auscultatory findings associated with different congenital heart defects is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients. Recognizing these key features can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate management, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most typical behavior for children of this age during a play date is engaging in parallel play, which is option C. At around 2 years and 6 months of age, children are typically in the stage of parallel play where they play alongside each other but not necessarily directly with one another. This behavior is developmentally appropriate as children at this age are still learning social skills and may not yet be fully engaged in interactive play with peers. Option A, sharing and trading toys, is less likely at this age as young children are still learning the concept of sharing and may not be developmentally ready to engage in this behavior consistently. Option B, playing with little or no conflict, is also less common as children of this age may still struggle with social interactions and may experience conflicts over toys or attention. Option D, playing with only one or two items and ignoring most of the other toys, is also less typical as children of this age are usually exploring their environment and engaging with a variety of toys during play. Understanding the typical behaviors of children at different stages of development is crucial for pediatric nursing practice as it helps nurses assess and support children's social and cognitive development appropriately. By recognizing the normalcy of parallel play in this age group, nurses can provide guidance to parents on what to expect during play dates and help facilitate healthy social interactions among children.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Record the urine output in the chart. The rationale behind this is that the child's urine output of 150 mL in 10 hours falls within the expected range for a 4-year-old weighing 15 kg. By recording this urine output in the chart, the nurse is documenting the child's renal function, which is crucial for monitoring overall health status. Option A) Notify the physician; urine output is too low is incorrect because the urine output is actually within the normal range for a child of this age and weight. There is no indication of renal impairment based on this information alone. Option B) Encourage increased oral intake is not necessary in this case as the child's urine output is normal. Increasing oral intake without a clinical indication could lead to overhydration, which can be harmful. Option D) Administer IV fluids to rehydrate is not warranted as there is no indication of dehydration based on the urine output provided. Administering IV fluids without a valid reason can lead to fluid overload and potential complications. From an educational standpoint, understanding normal pediatric urine output parameters is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. By accurately assessing and documenting urine output, nurses can detect early signs of renal dysfunction or dehydration. This question highlights the importance of critical thinking and clinical judgment in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is D) Offer a diet high in protein. Encopresis is a condition characterized by chronic constipation leading to fecal incontinence, and it is essential to offer a diet high in fiber to help alleviate constipation. High-protein diets can exacerbate constipation due to their low fiber content, so this instruction would be inappropriate for a child with encopresis. Option A, limiting milk intake, is a common recommendation for children with constipation as excessive dairy consumption can contribute to the issue. Option B, obtaining a complete dietary log, is a good practice to identify any dietary patterns that may be exacerbating the condition. Option C, following up with a child psychologist, may be beneficial to address any psychological issues contributing to the encopresis. In an educational context, it is crucial for nurses to understand the dietary considerations for children with gastrointestinal issues like encopresis. Providing appropriate discharge instructions can significantly impact the child's health outcomes and quality of life. Understanding the rationale behind each instruction helps nurses tailor their care to meet the unique needs of each child.