In embryonic period, all are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer to this question is D) formation of human embryo is about 6 weeks. Explanation: During embryonic development, the human embryo is typically formed by around 6 weeks after fertilization. This marks the end of the embryonic period and the beginning of the fetal period. By this time, major organ systems have started to develop, and the embryo has undergone significant growth and differentiation. Why the other options are wrong: A) Formation of ectoderm by 8 days: This statement is true. The ectoderm, which gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and other structures, is one of the first germ layers to form during embryonic development. B) Formation of mesoderm by 10 weeks: This statement is incorrect. The mesoderm, which develops into structures like muscles, bones, and circulatory system, is actually formed earlier, around 3 weeks after fertilization. C) Formation of endoderm by 3 cm crown-rump length: This statement is incorrect. The endoderm, which gives rise to the digestive system and other internal organs, is formed around the third week of gestation, not at a specific length measurement. Educational context: Understanding the timeline of embryonic development is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those working in pediatrics. Knowing when different germ layers form and when major developmental milestones occur can help in assessing the growth and development of a fetus or newborn. This knowledge is essential for providing appropriate care and interventions for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most likely diagnosis for the 6-month-old boy presenting with respiratory distress, feeding difficulty, a heart rate of 130/min, and a pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). Explanation of the correct answer (C - Ventricular septal defect): 1. VSD is a common congenital heart defect characterized by an abnormal opening between the ventricles, leading to symptoms like respiratory distress and feeding difficulty due to increased pulmonary blood flow. 2. The presence of a pansystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border indicates a VSD as it is a classic auscultatory finding in this condition. 3. The increased heart rate of 130/min is a compensatory mechanism to maintain cardiac output in the presence of the VSD. Explanation of why others are wrong: A) Mitral regurgitation: Unlikely in this scenario as the murmur would be at the apex, not the left lower sternal border. B) Mitral valve prolapse: Typically presents with a mid-systolic click, not a pansystolic murmur. D) Coarctation of aorta: Usually presents with hypertension in the upper extremities and weak pulses in the lower extremities, not respiratory distress and feeding difficulty. Educational context: Understanding the clinical manifestations and auscultatory findings associated with different congenital heart defects is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these signs early can lead to prompt intervention and improved outcomes for the child. A robust knowledge of pediatric cardiac conditions is essential for nurses working in pediatric settings to provide safe and effective care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this scenario, the most typical behavior for children of this age during a play date is engaging in parallel play (Option C). At around 2-3 years of age, children are still in the early stages of social development and tend to play alongside each other rather than directly interact or share toys. This behavior is known as parallel play and is a common and developmentally appropriate stage in early childhood. Option A, sharing and trading toys, is less likely at this age because young children are still learning about ownership and possessiveness. They may find it challenging to share toys willingly. Option B, playing with little to no conflict, is also less typical as children of this age are still learning social skills, including conflict resolution. Some level of conflict or disagreement may arise during play. Option D, playing with only one or two items and ignoring most toys, is less common as children at this age are usually exploring and engaging with a variety of toys and objects to stimulate their curiosity and creativity. Understanding the typical behaviors of children at different developmental stages is crucial for educators and caregivers to provide appropriate support and guidance to promote healthy social interactions and play experiences. By recognizing and supporting parallel play, adults can create an environment that nurtures children's social development and fosters positive peer interactions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C) Record the urine output in the chart. In pediatric nursing, monitoring urine output is crucial as it is a key indicator of renal function and hydration status in children. In this case, the 4-year-old child's urine output of 150 mL in 10 hours falls within the expected range for a child of this age and weight. It is important for the nurse to accurately document this output in the child's chart for ongoing assessment and to establish a baseline for comparison. Option A) Notify the physician; urine output is too low: This option is incorrect because the child's urine output is within the expected range for a 4-year-old. There is no indication of decreased renal function or dehydration based on the given information. Option B) Encourage increased oral intake: While hydration is important, there is no evidence in the question to suggest that the child is dehydrated or in need of increased oral intake. The current urine output is appropriate for the child's age and weight. Option D) Administer IV fluids to rehydrate: There is no indication in the question that the child is dehydrated to the point of needing IV fluids. Administering IV fluids without a proper assessment and indication can lead to fluid overload and potential complications. Educational context: Understanding normal pediatric parameters, such as urine output, is vital for pediatric nurses. By accurately documenting and interpreting urine output, nurses can detect early signs of renal dysfunction, dehydration, or other health issues in children. This question reinforces the importance of thorough assessment, documentation, and critical thinking in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Offer a diet high in protein. Rationale: Encopresis is a condition characterized by the involuntary passage of stool, typically associated with constipation. Offering a diet high in protein is not the appropriate discharge instruction for a child with encopresis. A high-protein diet can exacerbate constipation due to its low fiber content, which can further contribute to fecal impaction and worsen the symptoms of encopresis. Option A) Limit milk intake is a common recommendation for children with encopresis as dairy products can sometimes exacerbate constipation in susceptible individuals. Option B) Obtain a complete dietary log is important to identify any dietary patterns or triggers that may be contributing to the child's symptoms of encopresis. Option C) Follow up with a child psychologist is crucial as encopresis can have psychological components, and addressing any underlying emotional issues is essential in managing the condition effectively. Educational context: It is important for nurses to understand the pathophysiology of conditions such as encopresis and the appropriate dietary and psychological interventions to provide holistic care to pediatric patients. By recognizing the implications of dietary choices and the psychological aspects of the condition, nurses can better support children and their families in managing and overcoming encopresis.