In congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (CHPS), the correct answer is B) Hypokalaemia is due to vomiting. This condition is characterized by an obstruction at the pyloric sphincter, leading to projectile vomiting. The continuous loss of stomach contents causes metabolic alkalosis and dehydration, leading to hypokalemia due to the loss of potassium in vomitus. Option A) Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is not typically seen in CHPS. This finding is more commonly associated with conditions like biliary atresia or liver disease. Option C) The statement that blood pH is high and urinary pH is low is not accurate for CHPS. In this condition, metabolic alkalosis can occur due to vomiting, leading to an elevated blood pH and compensatory low urinary pH. Option D) While CHPS can occur in first-born males, it is not a defining characteristic of the condition. CHPS can affect both males and females, regardless of birth order. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of CHPS is crucial for pediatric nurses. Recognizing the signs and symptoms, such as projectile vomiting and electrolyte imbalances like hypokalemia, allows for prompt diagnosis and intervention. This knowledge is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients with CHPS.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of uveitis is crucial for providing comprehensive care to children. Uveitis, inflammation of the uvea in the eye, can have various etiologies. The correct answer, Behçet's disease, is a systemic vasculitis that can affect multiple organs, including the eyes. Ocular involvement is common in Behçet's disease, leading to uveitis. Diabetes (option A) is a systemic disease that can lead to diabetic retinopathy but is not a common cause of uveitis in children. Ankylosing spondylitis (option C) is a type of arthritis that primarily affects the spine and large joints, not typically associated with uveitis in pediatric patients. Rheumatic fever (option D) is a complication of untreated streptococcal infections and is not a common cause of uveitis in children. Educationally, understanding the specific associations of uveitis with different systemic conditions is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients. This knowledge enables early recognition, appropriate referrals, and effective management to prevent complications and preserve vision in children with uveitis. Nurses play a key role in monitoring for signs of uveitis, collaborating with the healthcare team, and educating families about the importance of ophthalmic evaluations in systemic diseases linked to uveitis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of malaria, understanding the life cycle of different Plasmodium species is crucial for effective management. Option A, stating that Plasmodium ovale has an exoerythrocytic cycle, is correct. This means that the parasite resides in the liver before entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells. This knowledge is important for choosing appropriate treatment regimens. Option B is incorrect because Plasmodium malariae can cause relapses even after years of the primary infection. This highlights the need for long-term monitoring and potential treatment. Option C is incorrect as chloroquine resistance is widespread in many regions, particularly in areas where Plasmodium falciparum is endemic. Using chloroquine for prophylaxis in these areas can be ineffective and dangerous. Option D is incorrect because primaquine is not used to eradicate falciparum malaria. Primaquine is primarily used to treat and prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax and ovale by targeting the liver stage of the parasite. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the specific characteristics of different Plasmodium species and the implications for treatment. It also highlights the significance of staying updated on current guidelines for malaria management, including drug resistance patterns, to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rare causes of bloody diarrhoea include conditions like Peutz-Jegher's syndrome which is a genetic disorder causing polyps in the gastrointestinal tract. Campylobacter Shigella and Enterotoxigenic E. coli are common causes of infectious diarrhoea while Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE), the correct answer is A) Deficiency of C1 esterase occurs. This condition is characterized by a genetic deficiency or dysfunction of C1 esterase inhibitor, leading to uncontrolled activation of the complement system and bradykinin release, resulting in episodes of angioedema. Option B) Can present as recurrent abdominal pain is incorrect because HANE typically presents with recurrent episodes of non-pitting edema affecting the skin and mucous membranes rather than abdominal pain. Option C) C4 is increased is incorrect because in HANE, C4 levels are typically decreased due to uncontrolled complement activation and consumption. Option D) Androgen agonists are helpful in management is incorrect because androgen agonists can exacerbate symptoms in HANE due to their potential to increase bradykinin levels. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of HANE is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients as prompt recognition and management of angioedema episodes are essential to prevent life-threatening complications. Recognizing the genetic basis of HANE and the role of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency in its pathogenesis can guide appropriate interventions and improve patient outcomes.