In common variable immunodeficiency (CVID):

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), the correct answer is B) There is increased incidence of autoimmune disorders in families of affected members. This is because CVID is characterized by impaired B cell function, leading to decreased production of antibodies. This deficiency in antibody production can result in an increased susceptibility to infections and autoimmune disorders. Option A) B cells are totally absent is incorrect because in CVID, B cells are present but they do not function properly, leading to a reduction in antibody production. Option C) IgA levels are characteristically normal is incorrect because CVID is characterized by low levels of multiple classes of immunoglobulins, including IgA. Option D) T lymphocytes are usually affected is incorrect because CVID primarily affects B cell function and antibody production, rather than T lymphocytes. In an educational context, understanding the manifestations of CVID is important for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the association with autoimmune disorders can guide healthcare providers in anticipating and managing potential complications in these patients. It is crucial for nurses to have a solid foundation in pediatric pharmacology to provide safe and effective care for children with complex conditions such as CVID.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is a valuable parameter in assessing improvement in acute bronchial asthma because it measures the maximum rate at which a person can exhale air. Option A is correct because changes in PEFR can indicate the effectiveness of therapy in managing acute asthma exacerbations. By regularly monitoring PEFR, healthcare providers can assess the severity of airflow limitation and response to treatment. Option B is incorrect because PEFR primarily reflects large airway resistance rather than small airway resistance. Small airway resistance is better assessed by other pulmonary function tests such as forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Option C is incorrect because PEFR is actually more related to age and gender rather than height. Age and gender can influence lung development and function, impacting PEFR values. Option D is incorrect because using PEFR to guide aminophylline therapy in acute asthma is not evidence-based practice. A PEFR less than 50% of normal may indicate severe airflow limitation, but treatment decisions should be based on clinical guidelines and individual patient factors. In an educational context, understanding the significance of PEFR in pediatric cardiovascular nursing is crucial for providing comprehensive care to children with respiratory conditions like asthma. By grasping the role of PEFR in monitoring asthma severity and treatment response, nurses can effectively collaborate with the healthcare team to optimize patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric patients with renal osteodystrophy, the correct contributing feature is hyperparathyroidism (option B). Hyperparathyroidism occurs as a result of chronic kidney disease, leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism, which contributes to the development of renal osteodystrophy. Option A, hypophosphatemia, is not typically associated with renal osteodystrophy. Instead, renal osteodystrophy is characterized by abnormalities in calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone levels. Option C, increased loss of calcium in the kidney, may seem plausible, but the primary issue in renal osteodystrophy is not increased loss but rather disturbances in the balance of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone metabolism. Option D, hypoalbuminemia, is not directly linked to renal osteodystrophy. While hypoalbuminemia can occur in renal disease, it is not a primary contributing factor to the development of renal osteodystrophy. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of renal osteodystrophy in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for these individuals. By grasping the specific factors involved, nurses can better assess, manage, and educate patients and families about the condition and its implications. This knowledge aids in providing holistic care and promoting positive outcomes for pediatric patients with renal osteodystrophy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Giardiasis. Malabsorption refers to the impaired absorption of nutrients in the intestine. Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the Giardia parasite, which can lead to malabsorption due to damage to the intestinal lining and interference with nutrient absorption processes. Option A) Ischaemia of the gut is incorrect because although gut ischemia can lead to various gastrointestinal issues, malabsorption is not a typical manifestation of this condition. Option C) Lymphoma of the ileum is incorrect because while lymphoma can affect the intestine and cause obstruction or other complications, it is not directly associated with malabsorption. Option D) Chronic lead poisoning is incorrect because although lead poisoning can cause various systemic effects, malabsorption is not a primary characteristic of this condition. Educationally, understanding the link between specific diseases or conditions and their effects on the gastrointestinal system is crucial in pediatric nursing. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of malabsorption can help nurses provide appropriate care and interventions for pediatric patients with these conditions. It is vital to differentiate between various causes of malabsorption to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective management for optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question regarding increased anion gap, the correct answer is A) Uraemia. An increased anion gap typically indicates the presence of unmeasured anions in the blood, such as lactate, ketones, or sulfates. Uraemia, which refers to the presence of excessive urea and other nitrogenous waste compounds in the blood due to kidney dysfunction, can lead to an increased anion gap. Option B) Starvation is incorrect because while it can lead to metabolic changes, it is not typically associated with an increased anion gap. Option C) Renal tubular acidosis is also incorrect as it is a condition where the kidneys are unable to acidify urine properly, but it does not directly cause an increased anion gap. Option D) Acetazolamide therapy is incorrect as well, as this medication is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and can lead to metabolic acidosis, but not specifically to an increased anion gap. Educationally, understanding the concept of anion gap is crucial in pharmacology and pediatric cardiovascular nursing as it helps in diagnosing and managing various conditions, such as metabolic acidosis. It is important for healthcare professionals to be able to interpret lab values accurately to provide optimal care for pediatric patients with cardiovascular issues.