In calculating the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) results for women, the creatinine clearance is usually:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: multiplied by 0.85. This adjustment accounts for the smaller muscle mass in women compared to men, leading to lower creatinine production. To calculate GFR, creatinine clearance is multiplied by 0.85 in women to adjust for this difference. This adjustment ensures a more accurate estimation of GFR in women. Choices A and B are incorrect because creatinine clearance is not the same or greater in women compared to men due to the physiological differences in muscle mass. Choice D is incorrect because multiplying by 1.15 would overestimate GFR in women.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because it demonstrates an understanding of the relationship between PaCO2 and blood pH according to the principles of acid-base balance. When PaCO2 is acutely elevated, it leads to respiratory acidosis, causing the blood pH to decrease below normal levels due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide. This indicates an acidic environment in the blood. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not address the direct relationship between PaCO2 and blood pH, which is crucial in determining the acid-base balance in a patient.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Clonic seizures are characterized by rhythmic jerking movements. Step 2: Apnea is the cessation of breathing. Step 3: Generalized clonic seizures associated with apnea can lead to hypoxemia (low oxygen in the blood). Step 4: Hypoxemia can result in lactic acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism. Conclusion: The correct answer is A because the patient experiencing generalized clonic seizures associated with periods of apnea is at risk for hypoxemia and subsequent lactic acidosis. Summary of other choices: B: Being alert is important but not directly related to the patient's condition. C: Base imbalance options are not relevant to the scenario provided. D: While lactic acidosis is mentioned, this choice does not directly address the association between clonic seizures, apnea, hypoxemia, and lactic acidosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the balance and regulation of internal conditions within an organism, including the input and output of substances. It ensures stability and optimal functioning. Choice A is incorrect because the balance concept is too vague and does not specifically refer to substances. Choice C, metabolic pool, is incorrect as it relates to the total amount of a substance in an organism, not the relationship between input and output. Choice D, body reserves, refers to stored resources, not the relationship between input and output.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: amount of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue contains less water compared to muscle tissue, so individuals with higher adipose tissue percentages will have lower body water percentages. This influences overall body water content among individuals. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because while total muscle mass and vasopressin secretion do play a role in body water regulation, they are not the primary factors influencing variation in body water percentage among individuals. Drinking habits also affect hydration levels but are not the primary determinant of body water percentage variability.