In bronchopulmonary dysplasia:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the correct answer is D) Hyperinflation is an associated finding. BPD is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants who have been treated with oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Hyperinflation occurs as a result of air trapping in the lungs due to inflammation, scarring, and damage to the tiny air sacs. This leads to increased residual volume and decreased expiratory flow rates. Option A) Lung compliance is increased is incorrect because in BPD, lung compliance is actually decreased due to the fibrotic changes in the lungs. Option B) Bronchial reactivity is increased is incorrect because BPD primarily affects the alveoli and air sacs, leading to respiratory distress and not bronchial reactivity. Option C) Lung function typically improves with age is incorrect as BPD can lead to long-term respiratory complications and lung function deficits that may persist into adulthood. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of BPD is crucial for pediatric cardiovascular nurses to provide appropriate care and interventions for infants with this condition. Recognizing the associated findings like hyperinflation can guide treatment strategies and improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Iron is the stimulant for ferritin production. In the context of body iron stores, iron plays a crucial role in regulating the synthesis of ferritin, a protein that stores iron in a non-toxic form. When iron levels in the body are high, ferritin synthesis increases to store excess iron. Conversely, when iron levels are low, ferritin synthesis decreases to help release stored iron for essential functions. Regarding the incorrect options: A) Serum ferritin is actually a reliable indicator of body iron stores. It correlates well with total body iron levels and is commonly used in clinical practice. B) In a healthy individual, most iron is stored in hemoglobin within red blood cells, not as ferritin. D) Haemosiderin is a form of storage iron that is less readily mobilized compared to ferritin in cases of iron deficiency. In an educational context, understanding the regulation of ferritin production is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric patients who may be at risk of iron deficiency or overload. This knowledge helps in interpreting laboratory results, making appropriate treatment decisions, and providing patient education on iron balance and supplementation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing and pharmacology, understanding tetanus and its implications is crucial. Option C, "Immunization confers lifelong immunity," is the correct answer. This is because tetanus immunization, usually given as part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) vaccine series in childhood, provides long-lasting protection against the disease by stimulating the body's immune response to produce antibodies that fight the tetanus toxin. Option A, "The infection is usually fatal," is incorrect. While tetanus can be a serious and potentially fatal disease if left untreated, prompt medical intervention, including administration of tetanus immune globulin and antibiotics, can improve outcomes. Option B, "The muscle spasms are often localized," is also incorrect. Tetanus is characterized by generalized muscle stiffness and spasms, often starting in the jaw (lockjaw) and neck muscles before spreading to other parts of the body. Option D, "Incubation period is usually weeks," is incorrect. The incubation period for tetanus is typically shorter, ranging from a few days to several weeks after the bacteria Clostridium tetani enter a wound. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be knowledgeable about tetanus, including its prevention through immunization, clinical manifestations, and management. By understanding the correct information about tetanus, nurses can effectively educate patients and caregivers about the importance of vaccination and prompt wound care to prevent this potentially life-threatening disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients. The main risk factor for developing DVT is prolonged immobility, making option A the correct answer. Prolonged immobility leads to venous stasis, which can cause blood to pool in the veins, increasing the risk of clot formation. Children who are immobile for extended periods, such as those hospitalized for a cardiac condition or recovering from surgery, are particularly at risk for DVT. Option B, age, is not the main risk factor for DVT in pediatric patients, although advanced age is a risk factor in adults. Option C, obesity, can contribute to venous stasis but is not the primary risk factor in pediatric patients. Option D, family history, while important in some cases, is not the main risk factor for developing DVT in pediatric patients. Educationally, it is important for pediatric cardiovascular nurses to recognize the significance of immobility in the development of DVT in children. Implementing preventive measures such as early mobilization, compression stockings, and anticoagulant therapy when appropriate can help reduce the risk of DVT in this vulnerable population. Regular assessment for signs and symptoms of DVT is also essential for early detection and intervention.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the treatment of asthma, inhaled corticosteroids are primarily used to prevent long-term symptoms rather than relieve acute symptoms. The correct answer is B because inhaled corticosteroids work by reducing inflammation in the airways, which helps to prevent asthma attacks and manage symptoms over time. Option A, relieving acute symptoms, is typically achieved through the use of short-acting bronchodilators like albuterol, which work quickly to open up the airways during an asthma attack. Option C, causing airway constriction, is incorrect as inhaled corticosteroids actually work to reduce inflammation and relax the airways, making it easier to breathe. Option D, stating that inhaled corticosteroids are contraindicated in pregnancy, is not accurate. In fact, inhaled corticosteroids are considered safe to use during pregnancy for the management of asthma as uncontrolled asthma can pose greater risks to both the mother and the baby. Educationally, understanding the role of inhaled corticosteroids in asthma management is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric patients with asthma. By knowing that these medications are used for long-term symptom control and prevention of asthma exacerbations, healthcare providers can better tailor treatment plans to effectively manage a child's asthma and improve their quality of life.