In autism:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In autism, genetic factors may play a significant role in its etiology. This is the correct answer because research has shown that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a strong genetic component, with multiple genes contributing to its development. Environmental factors may also interact with these genetic factors to influence the risk of developing autism. Understanding the genetic basis of autism is crucial for early identification, intervention, and treatment strategies. Option A, stating that social interaction is normal in autism, is incorrect. Individuals with autism often struggle with social interactions, communication, and exhibit repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. This hallmark triad of symptoms is what characterizes autism spectrum disorders. Option B, suggesting that dopamine levels are reduced in autism, is also incorrect. While there is ongoing research on the role of neurotransmitters in autism, dopamine specifically has not been conclusively linked to the etiology of autism. Option D, claiming that Methylphenidate is used with benefit in autism, is incorrect. Methylphenidate is a medication commonly used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), not autism. Treatment for autism typically involves a multidisciplinary approach tailored to the individual's specific needs and symptoms. In an educational context, understanding the multifactorial nature of autism spectrum disorders, including the significant contribution of genetic factors, is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. By recognizing the complex interplay between genetics and environment in the development of autism, nurses and other healthcare providers can better support individuals with autism and their families through early identification, appropriate interventions, and holistic care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the appropriate use of medications like sodium valproate in managing seizures is crucial. The correct answer, B) Infantile spasms, is not typically treated with sodium valproate due to its limited efficacy for this specific seizure type. Infantile spasms often require other medications or interventions for better control. Option A) Absences seizures are commonly managed with sodium valproate as it is effective for this type of seizure. Option C) Generalised clonic seizures and Option D) Myoclonic seizures also respond well to sodium valproate in many cases, making them inappropriate choices for the exception. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the nuances of pharmacological interventions in pediatric patients with seizures. It reinforces the need for nurses to be familiar with the specific indications and contraindications of medications like sodium valproate to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients with varying seizure types.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (vascular type IV). Aortopathy refers to a group of conditions affecting the aorta, including genetic connective tissue disorders like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. In this syndrome, there is a defect in collagen synthesis, leading to weakened blood vessel walls, potentially causing aortic dissection or aneurysm in children. B) Bicuspid aortic valve is a common congenital heart defect but is not directly associated with aortopathy. It can lead to aortic stenosis or regurgitation but does not primarily affect the aortic wall. C) Takayasu Arteritis is a rare inflammatory disease affecting large blood vessels like the aorta. It causes vessel inflammation, stenosis, or aneurysm, but it is not typically seen in children. D) Unrepaired coarctation of the aorta is a congenital heart defect characterized by narrowing of the aorta. While it can lead to aortic dilation, it is not a primary cause of aortopathy like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. Understanding these differential diagnoses is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive care, especially in children with suspected aortopathy. Recognition of these conditions can guide appropriate management and interventions to prevent serious complications like aortic dissection or rupture.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the manifestations of infective endocarditis is crucial for early identification and appropriate management. The correct answer is D) Roth spots. Roth spots are retinal hemorrhages with pale centers that are indicative of systemic emboli, commonly seen in infective endocarditis due to bacterial vegetation breaking off and traveling to the eyes. Option A) Intracranial hemorrhage is not typically associated with infective endocarditis in children. It may be seen in conditions like trauma or bleeding disorders. Option B) Conjunctival hemorrhages are not specific to infective endocarditis and can be seen in various conditions, including trauma or systemic diseases affecting coagulation. Option C) Glomerulonephritis is not a typical finding in infective endocarditis. It can occur as a complication of certain infections, but it is not a characteristic feature of infective endocarditis. Educationally, understanding the signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide timely care. Teaching about specific physical examination findings like Roth spots can aid in early recognition and prompt referral for diagnosis and treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes. Nurses should be well-versed in the differential diagnosis of symptoms to ensure accurate assessment and intervention in pediatric cardiovascular cases.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) All of the above. After the repair of coarctation of the aorta in an infant, there are several long-term complications that can occur. Persistent systemic hypertension is a common complication due to the changes in vascular structure and function that may persist even after surgical correction. This can lead to increased workload on the heart and potential for future cardiovascular issues. Re-coarctation refers to the recurrence of the narrowing of the aorta at the site of the original repair. This can happen due to scarring or tissue growth at the surgical site, leading to a repeat of the condition. Berry aneurysms are another potential complication, particularly in patients with underlying connective tissue disorders. These aneurysms are weak, bulging areas in the walls of blood vessels that can rupture and cause serious complications like hemorrhage or stroke. It is important for pediatric nurses to be aware of these long-term complications associated with the repair of coarctation of the aorta, as early identification and management can help prevent serious health issues in these patients as they grow older. Regular follow-up assessments, monitoring of blood pressure, and educating families on signs and symptoms to watch for are crucial aspects of care for these patients.