In Acute Leukemia, which of the following is a bad prognostic criterion:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Acute Leukemia, leukocytosis greater than 50,000 /cm is a bad prognostic criterion because it indicates a high tumor burden and aggressive disease progression. Elevated white blood cell counts contribute to complications and poorer outcomes in leukemia patients. Option A (Age more than 2 years) is not a bad prognostic criterion as age alone does not determine the prognosis in acute leukemia. Pediatric patients of varying ages can respond differently to treatment. Option C (No mediastinal mass) is not a bad prognostic criterion as the presence or absence of a mediastinal mass does not directly correlate with prognosis in acute leukemia. Option D (No CNS manifestations) is not a bad prognostic criterion as the absence of central nervous system (CNS) manifestations does not necessarily dictate the disease outcome in acute leukemia. Educationally, understanding prognostic criteria in pediatric leukemia is crucial for nurses caring for these patients. Recognizing these factors helps in early identification of high-risk patients, guiding treatment decisions, and providing appropriate support to optimize outcomes. Leukocytosis is a significant factor to monitor closely in pediatric leukemia cases due to its impact on disease progression and treatment response.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the timeline of infant development, such as teething, is crucial for providing appropriate care and guidance to both parents and the child. The correct answer to the question is B) 6 months. At around 6 months of age, infants typically begin teething, with the lower central incisors being the first teeth to erupt. This milestone is important as it marks the beginning of the teething process, which can be a challenging time for both the infant and their caregivers. Option A) 4 months is incorrect because while some infants may start teething at this age, it is less common for the lower central incisors to erupt this early. Option C) 8 months and Option D) 12 months are also incorrect as they fall outside the typical range for the eruption of the lower central incisors. Educationally, understanding the normal timeline of teething can help nurses and caregivers anticipate and manage symptoms associated with teething, such as irritability, drooling, and chewing on objects. It also allows for proper guidance on oral hygiene practices and teething relief measures. By knowing when to expect teeth to erupt, healthcare providers can offer support and reassurance to parents during this developmental stage in their child's life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Hot dogs must be cut into small, irregular pieces to prevent aspiration. This is the correct response because hot dogs are a choking hazard for young children due to their cylindrical shape and tendency to become lodged in the airway. Cutting them into small, irregular pieces reduces the risk of choking and aspiration in toddlers who are still developing their chewing and swallowing skills. Option A is incorrect because the issue is not solely about digestion, but rather about the risk of choking. Option B is also incorrect as it does not address the specific action needed to make hot dogs safer for the child. Option C is not as effective as option D because slicing hot dogs into sections does not reduce the choking risk as effectively as cutting them into small, irregular pieces. In an educational context, it is crucial for pediatric nurses to educate parents about age-appropriate feeding practices to prevent choking hazards in young children. Providing clear guidance on food preparation and serving sizes can help prevent accidents and promote safe eating habits for toddlers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant that slows down brain function. The correct answer is D) hyperthermia because alcohol actually has the opposite effect, often leading to a decrease in body temperature. A) Euphoria is a common effect of alcohol consumption due to its impact on the brain's reward system. B) Impaired short-term memory is a well-known consequence of alcohol use as it interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories. C) Increased pain threshold is another effect of alcohol consumption, as it can dull sensations and make individuals less sensitive to pain. In an educational context, understanding the effects of alcohol on the body is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatric nursing. It is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication in children and adolescents, as well as understanding the potential risks and complications associated with alcohol use at a young age. This knowledge allows nurses to provide appropriate care, support, and education to young patients and their families regarding alcohol use and abuse.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) weight gain. Depo-provera is a contraceptive injection that contains the hormone progestin. One of the common side effects associated with Depo-provera use is weight gain. This is believed to be due to increased appetite and potential changes in metabolism. Option A) heavy menstrual bleeding is not a typical adverse effect of Depo-provera. In fact, one of the advantages of using Depo-provera is that it often leads to decreased menstrual bleeding or even amenorrhea in some individuals. Option B) dysmenorrhea, which refers to painful periods, is also not a common adverse effect of Depo-provera. In fact, Depo-provera is sometimes prescribed to help manage conditions like endometriosis, which can cause dysmenorrhea. Option C) acne is not a primary adverse effect of Depo-provera. While some individuals may experience changes in their skin while on Depo-provera, acne is not a commonly reported side effect. In an educational context, understanding the potential adverse effects of medications is crucial for healthcare providers, especially in pediatric nursing. It allows for informed decision-making when prescribing medications and enables the monitoring and management of side effects to ensure the well-being of pediatric patients. By knowing the specific adverse effects of medications like Depo-provera, nurses can provide comprehensive care and education to patients and their families.