In a routine sputum analysis, which of the following indicates proper nursing action before sputum collection?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Corrected Rationale: Before sputum collection, it is crucial to use a clean container to prevent specimen contamination. This step is essential to ensure accurate test results and to avoid introducing external particles or bacteria into the sample. Choice B is incorrect because discarding the container if the outside becomes soiled is not a standard practice before collection. Choice C is incorrect as rinsing the client's mouth with Listerine after collection can introduce unnecessary substances into the specimen. Choice D is incorrect as the amount of sputum needed should be determined by the healthcare provider, not the client.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Older men and women are at a higher risk for drug-nutrient interactions due to factors like polypharmacy, changes in metabolism, and physiological changes associated with aging. Infants are less likely to be exposed to a wide range of medications, reducing their risk. People with diabetes and women of childbearing age may have specific nutrient needs or considerations, but they are not typically at a higher risk for drug-nutrient interactions compared to older adults.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) Duodenum. Peptic ulcers are most commonly found in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine just beyond the stomach. Understanding why the duodenum is the most common location for peptic ulcers requires some knowledge of the digestive system and the factors that contribute to ulcer formation. The stomach contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that aid in digestion. The duodenum is where partially digested food mixes with bile and pancreatic enzymes to continue the digestive process. The duodenum is exposed to acidic chyme from the stomach, which can lead to ulcer formation when the protective mechanisms of the mucosa are compromised. Option A) Esophagus is incorrect because peptic ulcers typically do not occur in the esophagus. The esophagus is not designed to handle the acidic environment that can lead to ulcer formation. Option B) Stomach is incorrect because while peptic ulcers can occur in the stomach, they are more commonly found in the duodenum. Stomach ulcers are often associated with Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Option D) Jejunum is incorrect because peptic ulcers rarely occur in the jejunum. The acidic environment and digestive processes in the stomach and duodenum make them more susceptible to ulcer formation. Educationally, understanding the specific locations where peptic ulcers are most likely to occur helps healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating patients effectively. It also reinforces the importance of factors such as mucosal protection, acid secretion, and bacterial infections in ulcer development.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Short-bowel syndrome usually occurs when more than 50% of the small intestine is surgically removed. This condition results in malabsorption of nutrients and fluids due to the reduced length of the small intestine. Choice A is incorrect because the contraction of longitudinal muscles does not lead to short-bowel syndrome. Choice C is incorrect as short-bowel syndrome is primarily related to the small intestine, not the large intestine. Choice D is incorrect since decreased transit time due to infection or drugs is not a direct cause of short-bowel syndrome.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, High-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL is known as 'good' cholesterol because it helps transport excess cholesterol from tissues back to the liver for removal from the body. Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (choice A) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (choice B) are involved in transporting triglycerides. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (choice C) is known as 'bad' cholesterol as it can deposit cholesterol in the walls of arteries.