In a man post-GI aspiration with pH 7.55, PCO₂ 52 mmHg, HCO₃⁻ 40 mmol/L, what is the disorder?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Metabolic alkalosis fits pH 7.55 (high), HCO₃⁻ 40 (elevated), PCO₂ 52 (compensatory rise) from GI H loss (e.g., vomiting). Metabolic acidosis lowers pH/HCO₃⁻ opposite. Respiratory alkalosis drops PCO₂ unmatched. Respiratory acidosis raises PCO₂/lowers pH misfit. HCO₃⁻ elevation distinguishes it, critical for alkalosis diagnosis, unlike acidotic or respiratory shifts.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Micturition is urination not defecation (feces), filtration (kidney), or digestion (gut). This terms the voiding process, key for bladder function, contrasting with unrelated actions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Proteinuria is excess protein in urine not glycosuria (glucose), hematuria (blood), or anuria (no urine). This identifies renal damage marker, key for diagnosis, contrasting with other findings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The renal corpuscle (glomerulus + Bowman's capsule) includes mesangial cells (support), filtration slits (podocytes), and glomerulus (capillaries), but macula densa is in the distal tubule, part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus not the corpuscle. This distinguishes structural components, key for filtration anatomy, contrasting with JGA elements.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Proximal tubules have microvilli (brush border) for reabsorption not squamous (thin segment), continuous with collecting ducts (distal), or lacking basal lamina (present). This highlights reabsorption role, key for filtrate processing, contrasting with incorrect traits.