In 90% of cases of endocarditis, the causative agent is recovered from the first 2 blood cultures. Antimicrobial pretreatment of the patient reduces the yield of blood cultures to

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is option A) 10%. When a patient is pretreated with antimicrobials before blood cultures are taken, the yield of recovering the causative agent decreases significantly. This is because the antimicrobial therapy can kill or suppress the growth of the bacteria in the bloodstream, making it harder to detect them in blood cultures. Option B) 20%, C) 30%, and D) 40% are incorrect because they suggest higher percentages of recovery in blood cultures when the patient is pretreated with antimicrobials. These options do not align with the understanding that antimicrobial therapy would reduce the likelihood of detecting the causative agent in blood cultures. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially pediatric nurses, to understand the impact of antimicrobial pretreatment on diagnostic procedures like blood cultures. This knowledge is essential for making informed decisions about patient care, treatment plans, and the interpretation of diagnostic test results. By knowing how pretreatment can affect test outcomes, nurses can advocate for appropriate timing of blood cultures to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide effective treatment strategies in pediatric patients with suspected endocarditis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric patients, chronic hypertension can be caused by various renal diseases. The correct answer, option D) congenital dysplastic kidney, is associated with the development of hypertension due to structural abnormalities in the kidney that affect its ability to regulate blood pressure. This condition can lead to long-term hypertension in children. Option A) nephrotic syndrome is a renal disease characterized by protein loss in the urine, leading to edema and hypoalbuminemia, but it is not typically associated with chronic hypertension in children. Option B) hemolytic uremic syndrome is a condition that involves the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury following a gastrointestinal infection, but it is not a common cause of chronic hypertension in pediatric patients. Option C) acute tubular necrosis is a form of acute kidney injury that can occur due to various factors such as ischemia or nephrotoxic medications. While it can lead to transient changes in blood pressure, it is not a typical cause of chronic hypertension in children. Educationally, understanding the renal diseases that can lead to chronic hypertension in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for this population. Recognizing the relationship between renal function and blood pressure regulation helps nurses in early identification, management, and prevention of complications related to hypertension in children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the normal functioning of the heart is crucial. Option B, "During tachycardia diastolic time reduced than systolic time," is the correct answer. This statement accurately reflects the physiological response during tachycardia where the heart rate increases, leading to a decrease in diastolic time compared to systolic time. This alteration in the cardiac cycle can impact cardiac output and the overall efficiency of the heart's pumping action. Option A, "Ventricular septal depolarization occurs from Lt ï‚® Rt," is incorrect because the direction of ventricular septal depolarization is typically from the right ventricle to the left ventricle. This sequential depolarization allows for coordinated contraction of the ventricles to facilitate efficient blood ejection. In an educational context, this question serves to assess the understanding of pediatric cardiovascular physiology and the implications of tachycardia on cardiac function. By selecting the correct answer, students demonstrate knowledge of the relationship between heart rate and diastolic time, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balance in the cardiac cycle for optimal cardiac performance in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding arrhythmias in children is crucial for providing safe and effective care. In this context, the correct answer is A) Re-entry Tachycardia is the commonest. Re-entry tachycardia, specifically AV nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT), is one of the most common types of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children. It occurs due to a re-entrant circuit within the AV node, leading to rapid heart rates. Option B) Adenosine decreases the force of cardiac contractility is incorrect. Adenosine is a first-line medication for terminating SVT by blocking AV nodal conduction, not by affecting cardiac contractility. Option C) SVT can cause hydrops foetalis is incorrect. Hydrops foetalis is a condition of severe fetal edema, usually caused by conditions such as immune hydrops or fetal heart failure, not SVT. Option D) Valsalva maneuver can restore sinus rhythm is incorrect. While the Valsalva maneuver can be used to help diagnose and sometimes treat certain arrhythmias, it is not typically effective in restoring sinus rhythm in pediatric patients with arrhythmias. Understanding pediatric arrhythmias, their common presentations, diagnostic tools, and treatment modalities is essential for pediatric nurses. Being able to differentiate between various types of arrhythmias and their management strategies ensures timely and appropriate interventions to promote positive patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) is crucial for providing safe and effective care to young patients. The correct answer, "B) Adenosine helpful in management," is the most appropriate option. Adenosine is a common medication used to treat SVT by slowing down the heart rate and restoring normal sinus rhythm. This intervention is effective and commonly used in clinical practice. Option A, "A) HR . 220 /min," is incorrect as a heart rate of 220 beats per minute is extremely high and indicative of SVT, but it does not offer a management strategy. Option C, "C) Beat to beat variation is not present," is incorrect because in SVT, there is typically a regular, rapid heart rate without beat-to-beat variation. Option D, "D) Valsalva maneuver is a treatment method," is incorrect because while the Valsalva maneuver can be attempted as a vagal maneuver to try and slow down the heart rate in some cases of SVT, it is not a definitive treatment method and adenosine is usually preferred. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be familiar with the management of SVT in children, including the use of adenosine. Understanding the appropriate interventions for SVT can help nurses provide timely and effective care, ensuring positive outcomes for their pediatric patients.