If Tmax for a nephron was 200 mg/min and blood glucose was 200 mg/mL with normal GFR (125 mL/min), the excreted glucose equals?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excreted glucose = filtered - Tmax: 200 mg/mL × 125 mL/min = 25,000 mg/min ÷ 100 = 250 mg/min - 200 = 50 mg/min (unit correction assumed). Zero assumes full reabsorption false above Tmax. 25/75 miscalculate filtration incorrect. 50 mg/min distinguishes it, key to glucosuria threshold, unlike total or erroneous values.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Furosemide inhibits Na /2Cl⁻/K cotransporter in the thick ascending limb blocks reabsorption (e.g., loop diuretic). Thiazides target distal tubule Na /Cl⁻. Osmotic diuretics (e.g., mannitol) act broadly not specific. Acetazolamide inhibits proximal HCO₃⁻ unrelated. Loop-specific action distinguishes furosemide, critical for diuresis potency, unlike distal or non-specific options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: ADH is synthesized in supraoptic/paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei transported to posterior pituitary (e.g., magnocellular neurons). Posterior pituitary stores/releases not synthesizes. Anterior pituitary is ACTH/GH unrelated. Neurohypophysis is synonymous less specific. Hypothalamic origin distinguishes it, critical for ADH production, unlike pituitary errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased ventilation decreases extracellular COâ‚‚ blows off COâ‚‚, raising pH (e.g., respiratory alkalosis). Intracellular H lowering is secondary pH effect. Intracellular COâ‚‚ shifts less direct. Extracellular H decrease follows COâ‚‚ primary. COâ‚‚ reduction distinguishes it, key to ventilatory pH shift, unlike H or intracellular focus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Laryngeal obstruction won't cause respiratory alkalosis blocks ventilation, raising PCOâ‚‚ (acidosis). Fever, anxiety, and salicylate toxicity hyperventilate lower PCOâ‚‚, raise pH. Obstruction's acidotic effect distinguishes it, critical for respiratory differential, unlike alkalosis triggers.